Spartacus letter

The links:

  1. Libby P, Lüscher T. COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease. Eur Heart J.
    2020;41(32):3038-3044. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa623
  2. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The
    Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-1418. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5
  3. Rapid endotheliitis and vascular damage characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection in a human lung-onchip model. EMBO Rep. 2021;22(6):e52744. doi:10.15252/embr.202152744
  4. Cui X, Chen W, Zhou H, et al. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and
    Treatment Potential. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:1444. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.664349
  5. Zwaveling S, Wijk RG van, Karim F. Pulmonary edema in COVID-19: Explained by bradykinin? J
    Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1454-1455. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.038
  6. Frontiers | Parallels in Sepsis and COVID-19 Conditions: Implications for Managing Severe
    COVID-19 | Immunology. Accessed September 27, 2021.
    Frontiers | Parallels in Sepsis and COVID-19 Conditions: Implications for Managing Severe COVID-19 | Immunology
  7. Vincent J-L. COVID-19: it’s all about sepsis. Future Microbiol. 2021;16(3):131-133.
    doi:10.2217/fmb-2020-0312
  8. Gómez-Mesa JE, Galindo-Coral S, Montes MC, Muñoz Martin AJ. Thrombosis and Coagulopathy
    in COVID-19. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2021;46(3):100742. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100742
  9. Chan NC, Weitz JI. COVID-19 coagulopathy, thrombosis, and bleeding. Blood. 2020;136(4):381-
  10. doi:10.1182/blood.2020007335
  11. Ortega-Paz L, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019–Associated
    Thrombosis and Coagulopathy: Review of the Pathophysiological Characteristics and Implications for
    Antithrombotic Management. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(3):e019650. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.019650
  12. Mokhtari T, Hassani F, Ghaffari N, Ebrahimi B, Yarahmadi A, Hassanzadeh G. COVID-19 and
    multiorgan failure: A narrative review on potential mechanisms. J Mol Histol. Published online October
    4, 2020:1-16. doi:10.1007/s10735-020-09915-3
  13. Zaim S, Chong JH, Sankaranarayanan V, Harky A. COVID-19 and Multiorgan Response. Curr Probl
    Cardiol. 2020;45(8):100618. doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100618
  14. Frontiers | Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic
    Strategies | Physiology. Accessed September 27, 2021.
    Frontiers | Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies | Physiology
  15. Boldrini M, Canoll PD, Klein RS. How COVID-19 Affects the Brain. JAMA Psychiatry.
    2021;78(6):682-683. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500
  16. Parry AH, Wani AH, Yaseen M. Neurological Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19).
    Acad Radiol. 2020;27(9):1329-1330. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2020.05.024
  17. Schwabenland M, Salié H, Tanevski J, et al. Deep spatial profiling of human COVID-19 brains
    reveals neuroinflammation with distinct microanatomical microglia-T-cell interactions. Immunity.
    2021;54(7):1594-1610.e11. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.002
  18. Rogers JP, Watson CJ, Badenoch J, et al. Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a
    systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key
    emerging narratives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2021;92(9):932-941. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405
  19. Abbasi J. Researchers Investigate What COVID-19 Does to the Heart. JAMA. 2021;325(9):808-
  20. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.0107
  21. COVID-19 as a Possible Cause of Myocarditis and Pericarditis. American College of Cardiology.
    Accessed September 27, 2021. Error - American College of Cardiology
  22. Bzeizi K, Abdulla M, Mohammed N, Alqamish J, Jamshidi N, Broering D. Effect of COVID-19 on
    liver abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):10599.
    doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89513-9
  23. Moon AM, Barritt AS. Elevated Liver Enzymes in Patients with COVID-19: Look, but Not Too
    Hard. Dig Dis Sci. Published online September 2, 2020:1-3. doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06585-9
  24. Iqbal Z, Ho JH, Adam S, et al. Managing hyperlipidaemia in patients with COVID-19 and during its
    pandemic: An expert panel position statement from HEART UK. Atherosclerosis. 2020;313:126-136.
    doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.008
  25. Steenblock C, Richter S, Berger I, et al. Viral infiltration of pancreatic islets in patients with
    COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):3534. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23886-3
  26. Hayden MR. An Immediate and Long-Term Complication of COVID-19 May Be Type 2 Diabetes
    Mellitus: The Central Role of β-Cell Dysfunction, Apoptosis and Exploration of Possible Mechanisms.
    Cells. 2020;9(11):2475. doi:10.3390/cells9112475
  27. Mukherjee S, Banerjee O, Singh S, Maji BK. COVID 19 could trigger global diabetes burden – A
    hypothesis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(5):963-964. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.049
  28. Wu C-T, Lidsky PV, Xiao Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects human pancreatic β cells and elicits β cell
    impairment. Cell Metab. 2021;33(8):1565-1576.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.013
  29. Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury.
    Nat Rev Nephrol. Published online July 5, 2021:1-14. doi:10.1038/s41581-021-00452-0
  30. Nugent J, Aklilu A, Yamamoto Y, et al. Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury and Longitudinal
    Kidney Function After Hospital Discharge Among Patients With and Without COVID-19. JAMA Netw
    Open. 2021;4(3):e211095. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1095
  31. Chen Z, Hu J, Liu L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Causes Acute Kidney Injury by Directly Infecting Renal
    Tubules. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021;9:1245. doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.664868
  32. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal–Oral
    Transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1518-1519. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054
  33. Lehmann M, Allers K, Heldt C, et al. Human small intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 is
    characterized by a mucosal infiltration with activated CD8+ T cells. Mucosal Immunol. Published online
    August 21, 2021:1-12. doi:10.1038/s41385-021-00437-z
  34. Zhang H, Kang Z, Gong H, et al. Digestive system is a potential route of COVID-19: an analysis of
    single-cell coexpression pattern of key proteins in viral entry process. Gut. 2020;69(6):1010-1018.
    doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953
  1. Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D, Fateh F, Abolghasemi H. Laboratory findings in COVID-19
    diagnosis and prognosis. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2020;510:475-482.
    doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.08.019
  2. Zhang Z-L, Hou Y-L, Li D-T, Li F-Z. Laboratory findings of COVID-19: a systematic review and
    meta-analysis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(6):441-447. doi:10.1080/00365513.2020.1768587
  3. Xie Y, Wang Z, Liao H, Marley G, Wu D, Tang W. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings
    of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis.
    2020;20(1):640. doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2
  4. Xiang Q, Feng Z, Diao B, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Induces Lymphocytopenia by Promoting Inflammation
    and Decimates Secondary Lymphoid Organs. Front Immunol. 2021;12:1292.
    doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.661052
  5. Rha M-S, Shin E-C. Activation or exhaustion of CD8+ T cells in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol
    Immunol. Published online August 19, 2021:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00750-4
  6. Kusnadi A, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Fajardo V, et al. Severely ill patients with COVID-19 display
    impaired exhaustion features in SARS-CoV-2–reactive CD8+ T cells. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(55):eabe4782.
    doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abe4782
  7. Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang H-H, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts
    COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med. 2020;26(10):1636-1643. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9
  8. What explains the non-respiratory symptoms seen in some COVID-19 patients? Chemical &
    Engineering News. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cen.acs.org/biological-chemistry/infectiousdisease/What-explains-non-respiratory-symptoms-seen-in-some-COVID-19-patients/98/web/2020/04
  9. Protean manifestations of COVID-19: “Our ignorance is profound.” Accessed September 28,
  10. https://www.mdedge.com/chestphysician/article/220899/coronavirus-updates/proteanmanifestations-covid-19-our-ignorance
  11. Jarrahi A, Ahluwalia M, Khodadadi H, et al. Neurological consequences of COVID-19: what have
    we learned and where do we go from here? J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):286. doi:10.1186/s12974-
    020-01957-4
  12. Zubair AS, McAlpine LS, Gardin T, Farhadian S, Kuruvilla DE, Spudich S. Neuropathogenesis and
    Neurologic Manifestations of the Coronaviruses in the Age of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Review. JAMA
    Neurol. 2020;77(8):1018-1027. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2065
  13. Qureshi AI, Baskett WI, Huang W, et al. Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19. Stroke.
    2021;52(3):905-912. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031786
  14. Riyahi S, Dev H, Behzadi A, et al. Pulmonary Embolism in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A
    Multicenter Study. Radiology. Published online July 13, 2021:210777. doi:10.1148/radiol.2021210777
  15. Zhong P, Xu J, Yang D, et al. COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal and liver injury: clinical
    features and potential mechanisms. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):1-8. doi:10.1038/s41392-
    020-00373-7
  16. Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic
    mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543-558. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-
    0413-9
  17. Al-Sabah S, Al-Haddad M, Al-Youha S, Jamal M, Almazeedi S. COVID-19: Impact of obesity and
    diabetes on disease severity. Clin Obes. Published online October 20, 2020:e12414.
    doi:10.1111/cob.12414
  18. Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, et al. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19
    severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes
    Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):350-359. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00089-9
  19. Jin Y, Ji W, Yang H, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Endothelial activation and dysfunction in COVID19: from basic mechanisms to potential therapeutic approaches. Signal Transduct Target Ther.
    2020;5(1):1-13. doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00454-7
  20. Green SJ. Covid-19 accelerates endothelial dysfunction and nitric oxide deficiency. Microbes
    Infect. 2020;22(4):149-150. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.006
  21. Levin AT, Hanage WP, Owusu-Boaitey N, Cochran KB, Walsh SP, Meyerowitz-Katz G. Assessing
    the age specificity of infection fatality rates for COVID-19: systematic review, meta-analysis, and public
    policy implications. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(12):1123-1138. doi:10.1007/s10654-020-00698-1
  22. CDC. Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published
    February 11, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/coviddata/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-age.html
  23. Covid IFR Analysis. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://epimonitor.net/Covid-IFR-Analysis.htm
  24. Seoane B. A scaling approach to estimate the age-dependent COVID-19 infection fatality ratio
    from incomplete data. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(2):e0246831. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246831
  25. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi Z-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol.
    2021;19(3):141-154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7
  26. Xia L, Chen J, Friedemann T, et al. The Course of Mild and Moderate COVID-19 Infections—The
    Unexpected Long-Lasting Challenge. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(9). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa286
  27. Han C, Duan C, Zhang S, et al. Digestive Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients With Mild Disease
    Severity: Clinical Presentation, Stool Viral RNA Testing, and Outcomes. Am J Gastroenterol. Published
    online April 15, 2020:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000664
  28. CDC. Cases, Data, and Surveillance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published
    February 11, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/casesupdates/burden.html
  29. Wu SL, Mertens AN, Crider YS, et al. Substantial underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the
    United States. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4507. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18272-4
  30. Irons NJ, Raftery AE. Estimating SARS-CoV-2 infections from deaths, confirmed cases, tests, and
    random surveys. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(31). doi:10.1073/pnas.2103272118
  31. Achaiah NC, Subbarajasetty SB, Shetty RM. R0 and Re of COVID-19: Can We Predict When the
    Pandemic Outbreak will be Contained? Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-Rev Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care
    Med. 2020;24(11):1125-1127. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23649
  32. Ives AR, Bozzuto C. Estimating and explaining the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the
    USA. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):1-9. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01609-6
  33. Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the
    ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;581(7807):215-220. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5
  34. Yang J, Petitjean SJL, Koehler M, et al. Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2
    binding to the ACE2 receptor. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4541. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18319-6
  35. ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/59272
  36. Samavati L, Uhal BD. ACE2, Much More Than Just a Receptor for SARS-COV-2. Front Cell Infect
    Microbiol. 2020;10:317. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317
  37. Patel S, Rauf A, Khan H, Abu-Izneid T. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS): The ubiquitous
    system for homeostasis and pathologies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;94:317-325.
    doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.091
  38. Romero CA, Orias M, Weir MR. Novel RAAS agonists and antagonists: clinical applications and
    controversies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(4):242-252. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.6
  39. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System. TeachMePhysiology. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System - TeachMePhysiology
  1. Fountain JH, Lappin SL. Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System. In: StatPearls. StatPearls
    Publishing; 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf
  2. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecularbiology/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system
  3. Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M, Lely A, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2
    protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J
    Pathol. 2004;203(2):631-637. doi:10.1002/path.1570
  4. Tissue expression of ACE2 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Tissue expression of ACE2 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas
  5. The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues. Mol Syst Biol. 2020;16(7):e9610.
    doi:10.15252/msb.20209610
  6. Huang Y, Yang C, Xu X, Xu W, Liu S. Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike
    protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(9):1141-1149.
    doi:10.1038/s41401-020-0485-4
  7. Shang J, Wan Y, Luo C, et al. Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
    2020;117(21):11727-11734. doi:10.1073/pnas.2003138117
  8. Xie Y, Karki CB, Du D, et al. Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 Utilize Different
    Mechanisms to Bind With Human ACE2. Front Mol Biosci. 2020;7:392. doi:10.3389/fmolb.2020.591873
  9. Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. EMBO J. 2020;39(23):e106267.
    doi:10.15252/embj.2020106267
  10. Ma H, Zhu Z, Lin H, et al. Pyroptosis of syncytia formed by fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE2-
    expressing cells. Cell Discov. 2021;7(1):1-4. doi:10.1038/s41421-021-00310-0
  11. Xia B, Shen X, He Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress
    syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target. Cell Res. 2021;31(8):847-
  12. doi:10.1038/s41422-021-00519-4
  13. Nieto-Torres JL, Verdiá-Báguena C, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, et al. Severe acute respiratory
    syndrome coronavirus E protein transports calcium ions and activates the NLRP3 inflammasome.
    Virology. 2015;485:330-339. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.010
  14. Minakshi R, Padhan K, Rehman S, Hassan MdI, Ahmad F. The SARS Coronavirus 3a protein binds
    calcium in its cytoplasmic domain. Virus Res. 2014;191:180-183. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.001
  15. Pan P, Shen M, Yu Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to
    induce hyperinflammation. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4664. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25015-6
  16. Shah A. Novel Coronavirus-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: A Potential Drug Target in
    the Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1021. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01021
  17. Xu H, Chitre SA, Akinyemi IA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viroporin Triggers the NLRP3 Inflammatory
    Pathway.; 2020:2020.10.27.357731. doi:10.1101/2020.10.27.357731
  18. Olagnier D, Farahani E, Thyrsted J, et al. SARS-CoV2-mediated suppression of NRF2-signaling
    reveals potent antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity of 4-octyl-itaconate and dimethyl fumarate. Nat
    Commun. 2020;11(1):4938. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18764-3
  19. Bousquet J, Cristol J-P, Czarlewski W, et al. Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for
    research to develop adaptation strategies. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10(1):58. doi:10.1186/s13601-020-
    00362-7
  20. Cuadrado A, Pajares M, Benito C, et al. Can Activation of NRF2 Be a Strategy against COVID-19?
    Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41(9):598-610. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2020.07.003
  21. Bousquet J, Czarlewski W, Zuberbier T, et al. Potential Interplay between Nrf2, TRPA1, and
    TRPV1 in Nutrients for the Control of COVID-19. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(4):324-338.
    doi:10.1159/000514204
  22. McCarthy CG, Wilczynski S, Wenceslau CF, Webb RC. A new storm on the horizon in COVID-19:
    Bradykinin-induced vascular complications. Vascul Pharmacol. 2021;137:106826.
    doi:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106826
  23. Lei Y, Zhang J, Schiavon CR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Impairs Endothelial Function via
    Downregulation of ACE 2. Circ Res. 2021;128(9):1323-1326. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318902
  24. Silhol F, Sarlon G, Deharo J-C, Vaïsse B. Downregulation of ACE2 induces overstimulation of the
    renin–angiotensin system in COVID-19: should we block the renin–angiotensin system? Hypertens Res.
    2020;43(8):854-856. doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0476-3
  25. Ciulla MM. SARS-CoV-2 downregulation of ACE2 and pleiotropic effects of ACEIs/ARBs.
    Hypertens Res. 2020;43(9):985-986. doi:10.1038/s41440-020-0488-z
  26. Lu J, Sun PD. High affinity binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances ACE2 carboxypeptidase
    activity. J Biol Chem. 2020;295(52):18579-18588. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA120.015303
  27. Osman W, Fahdi FA, Salmi IA, Khalili HA, Gokhale A, Khamis F. Serum Calcium and Vitamin D
    levels: Correlation with severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients in Royal Hospital, Oman. Int J Infect
    Dis. 2021;107:153-163. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.050
  28. Raesi A, Saedi Dezaki E, Moosapour H, et al. Hypocalcemia in Covid-19: A Prognostic Marker for
    Severe Disease. Iran J Pathol. 2021;16(2):144-153. doi:10.30699/IJP.2020.130491.2442
  29. Bennouar S, Cherif AB, Kessira A, Bennouar D-E, Abdi S. Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Serum
    Calcium as Predictors of Poor Prognosis in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Am Coll Nutr.
    2021;40(2):104-110. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1856013
  30. Blaes N, Girolami J-P. Targeting the “Janus face” of the B2-bradykinin receptor. Expert Opin Ther
    Targets. 2013;17. doi:10.1517/14728222.2013.827664
  31. Siragy H, Jaffa A, Margolius H. Bradykinin B2 receptor modulates renal prostaglandin E2 and
    nitric oxide. Hypertension. Published online 1997. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.29.3.757
  32. Pyne NJ, Tolan D, Pyne S. Bradykinin stimulates cAMP synthesis via mitogen-activated protein
    kinase-dependent regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2 release in airway
    smooth muscle. Biochem J. 1997;328(Pt 2):689-694. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Bradykinin stimulates cAMP synthesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent regulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and prostaglandin E2 release in airway smooth muscle.
  33. Dixon BS, Breckon R, Fortune J, Sutherland E, Simon FR, Anderson RJ. Bradykinin activates
    protein kinase C in cultured cortical collecting tubular cells. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol. 1989;257(5):F808-
    F817. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1989.257.5.F808
  34. Schini VB, Boulanger C, Regoli D, Vanhoutte PM. Bradykinin stimulates the production of cyclic
    GMP via activation of B2 kinin receptors in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp
    Ther. 1990;252(2):581-585.
  35. Gholamreza-Fahimi E, Bisha M, Hahn J, et al. Cyclooxygenase activity in bradykinin-induced
    dermal extravasation. A study in mice and humans. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;123:109797.
    doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109797
  36. Fong P, Stafforini DM, Brown NJ, Pretorius M. Increased blood flow induces oxidative stress
    through an endothelium- and nitric oxide-independent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med.
    2010;49(2):301-305. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.023
  37. Portilla D, Morrissey J, Morrison AR. Bradykinin-activated membrane-associated phospholipase
    C in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Clin Invest. 1988;81(6):1896-1902. doi:10.1172/JCI113536
  38. Cruzblanca H, Koh D-S, Hille B. Bradykinin inhibits M current via phospholipase C and Ca2+
    release from IP3-sensitive Ca2+ stores in rat sympathetic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95(12):7151-
  39. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.7151
  40. Bradykinin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Bradykinin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  1. Banerjee A, Czinn SJ, Reiter RJ, Blanchard TG. Crosstalk between endoplasmic reticulum stress
    and anti-viral activities: A novel therapeutic target for COVID-19. Life Sci. 2020;255:117842.
    doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117842
  2. Danta CC. SARS-CoV-2, Hypoxia, and Calcium Signaling: The Consequences and Therapeutic
    Options. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2021;4(1):400-402. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00219
  3. Shaban MS, Müller C, Mayr-Buro C, et al. Multi-level inhibition of coronavirus replication by
    chemical ER stress. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5536. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25551-1
  4. Sabirli R, Koseler A, Goren T, Turkcuer I, Kurt O. High GRP78 levels in Covid-19 infection: A casecontrol study. Life Sci. 2021;265:118781. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118781
  5. Dubiella U, Seybold H, Durian G, et al. Calcium-dependent protein kinase/NADPH oxidase
    activation circuit is required for rapid defense signal propagation. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
    2013;110(21):8744-8749. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221294110
  6. Görlach A, Bertram K, Hudecova S, Krizanova O. Calcium and ROS: A mutual interplay. Redox
    Biol. 2015;6:260-271. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.010
  7. Feno S, Butera G, Vecellio Reane D, Rizzuto R, Raffaello A. Crosstalk between Calcium and ROS in
    Pathophysiological Conditions. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:e9324018. doi:10.1155/2019/9324018
  8. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and
    ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271(5 Pt 1):C1424-1437. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.5.C1424
  9. PACHER P, BECKMAN JS, LIAUDET L. Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease. Physiol
    Rev. 2007;87(1):315-424. doi:10.1152/physrev.00029.2006
  10. Radi R. Oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite: Redox pathways in molecular medicine.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2018;115(23):5839-5848. doi:10.1073/pnas.1804932115
  11. Guzik TJ, West NEJ, Pillai R, Taggart DP, Channon KM. Nitric Oxide Modulates Superoxide
    Release and Peroxynitrite Formation in Human Blood Vessels. Hypertension. 2002;39(6):1088-1094.
    doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000018041.48432.B5
  12. Roe ND, Ren J. Nitric oxide synthase uncoupling: A therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases.
    Vascul Pharmacol. 2012;57(5):168-172. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2012.02.004
  13. Luo S, Lei H, Qin H, Xia Y. Molecular mechanisms of endothelial NO synthase uncoupling. Curr
    Pharm Des. 2014;20(22):3548-3553. doi:10.2174/13816128113196660746
  14. Chen W, Druhan LJ, Chen C-A, et al. Peroxynitrite induces destruction of the tetrahydrobiopterin
    and heme in endothelial nitric oxide synthase: transition from reversible to irreversible enzyme
    inhibition. Biochemistry. 2010;49(14):3129-3137. doi:10.1021/bi9016632
  15. Ozdemir B, Yazici A. Could the decrease in the endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and NO
    bioavailability be the crucial cause of COVID-19 related deaths? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109970.
    doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109970
  16. Guan SP, Seet RCS, Kennedy BK. Does eNOS derived nitric oxide protect the young from severe
    COVID-19 complications? Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101201. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101201
  17. Nitric Oxide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Nitric Oxide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  18. Levine AB, Punihaole D, Levine TB. Characterization of the Role of Nitric Oxide and Its Clinical
    Applications. Cardiology. 2012;122(1):55-68. doi:10.1159/000338150
  19. Rosselli M, Keller PJ, Dubey RK. Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and
    pathophysiology of reproduction. Hum Reprod Update. 1998;4(1):3-24. doi:10.1093/humupd/4.1.3
  20. Mel A de. Potential roles of nitric oxide in COVID-19: A perspective. Integr Mol Med. 2020;7(3).
    doi:10.15761/IMM.1000403
  21. Ricciardolo FLM, Bertolini F, Carriero V, Högman M. Nitric oxide’s physiologic effects and
    potential as a therapeutic agent against COVID-19. J Breath Res. 2020;15(1):014001. doi:10.1088/1752-
    7163/abc302
  22. Åkerström S, Gunalan V, Keng CT, Tan Y-J, Mirazimi A. Dual effect of nitric oxide on SARS-CoV
    replication: Viral RNA production and palmitoylation of the S protein are affected. Virology.
    2009;395(1):1-9. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.007
  23. Hadi HA, Carr CS, Al Suwaidi J. Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy,
    and Outcome. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2005;1(3):183-198. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Endothelial Dysfunction: Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Therapy, and Outcome
  24. Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A. Endothelial Dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
    2003;23(2):168-175. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000051384.43104.FC
  25. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes | Diabetes Care. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes | Diabetes Care
  26. Patel PD, Velazquez JL, Arora RR. Endothelial dysfunction in African-Americans. Int J Cardiol.
    2009;132(2):157-172. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.007
  27. Kalinowski L, Dobrucki IT, Malinski T. Race-specific differences in endothelial function:
    predisposition of African Americans to vascular diseases. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2511-2517.
    doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000129087.81352.7A
  28. Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Kiss T, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis impairment in the
    ageing vasculature. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15(9):555-565. doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0030-z
  29. Reusch N, De Domenico E, Bonaguro L, et al. Neutrophils in COVID-19. Front Immunol.
    2021;12:952. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.652470
  30. Cavalcante-Silva LHA, Carvalho DCM, Lima É de A, et al. Neutrophils and COVID-19: The road so
    far. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;90:107233. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107233
  31. Knoll R, Schultze JL, Schulte-Schrepping J. Monocytes and Macrophages in COVID-19. Front
    Immunol. 2021;12:2952. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.720109
  32. Meidaninikjeh S, Sabouni N, Marzouni HZ, Bengar S, Khalili A, Jafari R. Monocytes and
    macrophages in COVID-19: Friends and foes. Life Sci. 2021;269:119010. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119010
  33. Phagocytes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Phagocytes - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  34. Respiratory Burst - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Respiratory Burst - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  35. Superoxide Dismutase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Superoxide Dismutase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  36. Myeloperoxidase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Myeloperoxidase - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  37. Spickett CM, Jerlich A, Panasenko OM, et al. The reactions of hypochlorous acid, the reactive
    oxygen species produced by myeloperoxidase, with lipids. Acta Biochim Pol. 2000;47(4):889-899.
  38. Hypochlorous_acid. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Hypochlorous_acid
  39. Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease | Nature Reviews Immunology. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease | Nature Reviews Immunology
  40. Kaplan MJ, Radic M. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): Double-edged swords of innate
    immunity. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950. 2012;189(6):2689-2695. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1201719
  41. Gillot C, Favresse J, Mullier F, Lecompte T, Dogné J-M, Douxfils J. NETosis and the Immune
    System in COVID-19: Mechanisms and Potential Treatments. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:1999.
    doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.708302
  42. Arcanjo A, Logullo J, Menezes CCB, et al. The emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps in
    severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19630.
    doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76781-0
  1. Middleton EA, He X-Y, Denorme F, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to
    immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood. 2020;136(10):1169-1179.
    doi:10.1182/blood.2020007008
  2. Schönrich G, Raftery MJ, Samstag Y. Devilishly radical NETwork in COVID-19: Oxidative stress,
    neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and T cell suppression. Adv Biol Regul. 2020;77:100741.
    doi:10.1016/j.jbior.2020.100741
  3. Goud PT, Bai D, Abu-Soud HM. A Multiple-Hit Hypothesis Involving Reactive Oxygen Species and
    Myeloperoxidase Explains Clinical Deterioration and Fatality in COVID-19. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(1):62-72.
    doi:10.7150/ijbs.51811
  4. Edeas M, Saleh J, Peyssonnaux C. Iron: Innocent bystander or vicious culprit in COVID-19
    pathogenesis? Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:303-305. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.110
  5. Habib HM, Ibrahim S, Zaim A, Ibrahim WH. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and
    possible treatment with lactoferrin and other iron chelators. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;136:111228.
    doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111228
  6. Rahman A, Tabassum T, Araf Y, Al Nahid A, Ullah MdA, Hosen MJ. Silent hypoxia in COVID-19:
    pathomechanism and possible management strategy. Mol Biol Rep. Published online April 23, 2021:1-7.
    doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06358-1
  7. Tobin MJ, Laghi F, Jubran A. Why COVID-19 Silent Hypoxemia Is Baffling to Physicians. Am J
    Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(3):356-360. doi:10.1164/rccm.202006-2157CP
  8. Kehrer JP. The Haber-Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicology. 2000;149(1):43-50.
    doi:10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00231-6
  9. Wardman P, Candeias LP. Fenton Chemistry: An Introduction. Radiat Res. 1996;145(5):523-531.
    doi:10.2307/3579270
  10. Sharpe MA, Robb SJ, Clark JB. Nitric oxide and Fenton/Haber–Weiss chemistry: nitric oxide is a
    potent antioxidant at physiological concentrations. J Neurochem. 2003;87(2):386-394.
    doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02001.x
  11. Kanti Das T, Wati MR, Fatima-Shad K. Oxidative Stress Gated by Fenton and Haber Weiss
    Reactions and Its Association With Alzheimer’s Disease. Arch Neurosci. 2015;2(2).
    doi:10.5812/archneurosci.20078
  12. Barciszewska A-M. Elucidating of oxidative distress in COVID-19 and methods of its prevention.
    Chem Biol Interact. 2021;344:109501. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109501
  13. Ntyonga-Pono M-P. COVID-19 infection and oxidative stress: an under-explored approach for
    prevention and treatment? Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35(Suppl 2):12. doi:10.11604/pamj.2020.35.2.22877
  14. Forcados GE, Muhammad A, Oladipo OO, Makama S, Meseko CA. Metabolic Implications of
    Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Process in SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis: Therapeutic Potential of Natural
    Antioxidants. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:457. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.654813
  15. Cumpstey AF, Clark AD, Santolini J, Jackson AA, Feelisch M. COVID-19: A Redox Disease—What a
    Stress Pandemic Can Teach Us About Resilience and What We May Learn from the Reactive Species
    Interactome About Its Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal. Published online June 29, 2021.
    doi:10.1089/ars.2021.0017
  16. Hydroxyl Radical - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Hydroxyl Radical - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  17. Gligorovski S, Strekowski R, Barbati S, Vione D. Environmental Implications of Hydroxyl Radicals
    (•OH). Chem Rev. 2015;115(24):13051-13092. doi:10.1021/cr500310b
  18. Lyngsie G, Krumina L, Tunlid A, Persson P. Generation of hydroxyl radicals from reactions
    between a dimethoxyhydroquinone and iron oxide nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10834.
    doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29075-5
  19. Takeda K, Fujisawa K, Nojima H, Kato R, Ueki R, Sakugawa H. Hydroxyl radical generation with a
    high power ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) and application for determination of hydroxyl
    radical reaction rate constants. J Photochem Photobiol Chem. 2017;340:8-14.
    doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.02.020
  20. Kord Forooshani P, Pinnaratip R, Polega E, et al. Hydroxyl Radical Generation through the
    Fenton-like Reaction of Hematin- and Catechol-Functionalized Microgels. Chem Mater.
    2020;32(19):8182-8194. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c01551
  21. Deng Y, Zhao R. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Wastewater Treatment. Curr Pollut
    Rep. 2015;1(3):167-176. doi:10.1007/s40726-015-0015-z
  22. Hypoxanthine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Hypoxanthine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  23. Dowell FJ, Hamilton CA, McMurray J, Reid JL. Effects of a xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine free
    radical and reactive oxygen species generating system on endothelial function in New Zealand white
    rabbit aortic rings. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1993;22(6):792-797. doi:10.1097/00005344-199312000-
    00003
  24. Fig. 1. Generation of superoxide by xanthine-hypoxanthine oxidase and… ResearchGate.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Generation-of-superoxide-byxanthine-hypoxanthine-oxidase-and-NADH-SMP-systems-a-The_fig1_7927959
  25. Granger DN. Role of xanthine oxidase and granulocytes in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J
    Physiol. 1988;255(6 Pt 2):H1269-1275. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1988.255.6.H1269
  26. Mao H, Yang A, Zhao Y, Lei L, Li H. Succinate Supplement Elicited “Pseudohypoxia” Condition to
    Promote Proliferation, Migration, and Osteogenesis of Periodontal Ligament Cells. Stem Cells Int.
    2020;2020:e2016809. doi:10.1155/2020/2016809
  27. Lukyanova LD, Kirova YI. Mitochondria-controlled signaling mechanisms of brain protection in
    hypoxia. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:320. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00320
  28. Messner KR, Imlay JA. Mechanism of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation by fumarate
    reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and aspartate oxidase. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(45):42563-42571.
    doi:10.1074/jbc.M204958200
  29. Quinlan CL, Orr AL, Perevoshchikova IV, Treberg JR, Ackrell BA, Brand MD. Mitochondrial
    Complex II Can Generate Reactive Oxygen Species at High Rates in Both the Forward and Reverse
    Reactions. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(32):27255-27264. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.374629
  30. Cowled P, Fitridge R. Pathophysiology of Reperfusion Injury. In: Fitridge R, Thompson M, eds.
    Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists. University of Adelaide Press;
  31. Accessed September 28, 2021. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534267/
  32. Sun Z-Y, Xia H-G, Zhu D-Q, Deng L-M, Zhu P-Z, Wang D-B. Clinical significance of mechanical
    ventilation on ischemic-reperfusion injury caused by lung chest trauma and VEGF expression levels in
    peripheral blood. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14(3):2531-2535. doi:10.3892/etm.2017.4825
  33. Gielis JF, Beckers PAJ, Briedé JJ, Cos P, Schil PEV. Oxidative and nitrosative stress during
    pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury: from the lab to the OR. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(6):4-4.
    doi:10.21037/atm.2017.03.32
  34. Wu N-C, Liao F-T, Cheng H, Sung S-H, Yang Y-C, Wang J-J. Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a
    protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation. BMC
    Pulm Med. 2017;17:105. doi:10.1186/s12890-017-0448-9
  35. Lipid Peroxidation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Lipid Peroxidation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
  36. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling
    Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:360438.
    doi:10.1155/2014/360438
  1. Binder CJ, Papac-Milicevic N, Witztum JL. Innate sensing of oxidation-specific epitopes in health
    and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(8):485-497. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.63
  2. Leibundgut G, Witztum JL, Tsimikas S. Oxidation-specific epitopes and immunological responses:
    Translational biotheranostic implications for atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol.
    2013;13(2):10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.005. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2013.02.005
  3. Miller YI, Choi S-H, Wiesner P, et al. Oxidation-Specific Epitopes Are Danger-Associated
    Molecular Patterns Recognized by Pattern Recognition Receptors of Innate Immunity. Circ Res.
    2011;108(2):235-248. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223875
  4. Zhivaki D, Kagan JC. Innate immune detection of lipid oxidation as a threat assessment strategy.
    Nat Rev Immunol. Published online September 21, 2021:1-9. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00618-8
  5. Macdonald J, Galley HF, Webster NR. Oxidative stress and gene expression in sepsis. Br J
    Anaesth. 2003;90(2):221-232. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg034
  6. Mantzarlis K, Tsolaki V, Zakynthinos E. Role of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in
    Sepsis and Potential Therapies. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:e5985209. doi:10.1155/2017/5985209
  7. Toufekoula C, Papadakis V, Tsaganos T, et al. Compartmentalization of lipid peroxidation in
    sepsis by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria: experimental and clinical evidence. Crit Care.
    2013;17(1):R6. doi:10.1186/cc11930
  8. Dominic P, Ahmad J, Bhandari R, et al. Decreased availability of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide
    is a hallmark of COVID-19. Redox Biol. 2021;43:101982. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101982
  9. Yang M, Lai CL. SARS-CoV-2 infection: can ferroptosis be a potential treatment target for
    multiple organ involvement? Cell Death Discov. 2020;6(1):1-6. doi:10.1038/s41420-020-00369-w
  10. Jacobs W, Lammens M, Kerckhofs A, et al. Fatal lymphocytic cardiac damage in coronavirus
    disease 2019 (COVID-19): autopsy reveals a ferroptosis signature. ESC Heart Fail. 2020;7(6):3772-3781.
    doi:10.1002/ehf2.12958
  11. Tavakol S, Seifalian AM. Vitamin E at a high dose as an anti-ferroptosis drug and not just a
    supplement for COVID-19 treatment. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. n/a(n/a). doi:10.1002/bab.2176
  12. Sonnweber T, Boehm A, Sahanic S, et al. Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19
    are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients’ performance: a prospective
    observational cohort study. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):276. doi:10.1186/s12931-020-01546-2
  13. Žarković N, Orehovec B, Milković L, et al. Preliminary Findings on the Association of the Lipid
    Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal with the Lethal Outcome of Aggressive COVID-19. Antioxidants.
    2021;10(9):1341. doi:10.3390/antiox10091341
  14. Mehri F, Rahbar AH, Ghane ET, Souri B, Esfahani M. The comparison of oxidative markers
    between Covid-19 patients and healthy subjects. Arch Med Res. Published online June 7, 2021.
    doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.004
  15. Cao Z, Xia H, Rajsbaum R, Xia X, Wang H, Shi P-Y. Ubiquitination of SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a promotes
    antagonism of interferon response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(3):746-748. doi:10.1038/s41423-020-
    00603-6
  16. Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, et al. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells
    Reveals Insights into Virus–Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res. Published online March
    5, 2021:acs.jproteome.0c00758. doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758
  17. Shi H, Zuo Y, Navaz S, et al. Endothelial cell-activating antibodies in COVID-19. MedRxiv Prepr
    Serv Health Sci. Published online July 9, 2021:2021.01.18.21250041. doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.21250041
  18. Chang R, Mamun A, Dominic A, Le N-T. SARS-CoV-2 Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction: The
    Potential Role of Chronic Oxidative Stress. Front Physiol. 2021;11:1752. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.605908
  19. Mei ZW, van Wijk XMR, Pham HP, Marin MJ. Role of von Willebrand Factor in COVID-19
    Associated Coagulopathy. J Appl Lab Med. 2021;6(5):1305-1315. doi:10.1093/jalm/jfab042
  20. Mancini I, Baronciani L, Artoni A, et al. The ADAMTS13-von Willebrand factor axis in COVID-19
    patients. J Thromb Haemost JTH. 2021;19(2):513-521. doi:10.1111/jth.15191
  21. Ladikou EE, Sivaloganathan H, Milne KM, et al. Von Willebrand factor (vWF): marker of
    endothelial damage and thrombotic risk in COVID-19? Clin Med. 2020;20(5):e178-e182.
    doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0346
  22. Afrin LB, Weinstock LB, Molderings GJ. Covid-19 hyperinflammation and post-Covid-19 illness
    may be rooted in mast cell activation syndrome. Int J Infect Dis IJID Off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis.
    2020;100:327-332. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.016
  23. Gebremeskel S, Schanin J, Coyle KM, et al. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated
    With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody. Front
    Immunol. 2021;12:641. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.650331
  24. Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, et al. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI
    Insight. 5(15):e140711. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140711
  25. Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan
    impact. Kidney Int. 2020;98(2):314-322. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.013
  26. Holter JC, Pischke SE, Boer E de, et al. Systemic complement activation is associated with
    respiratory failure in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(40):25018-25025.
    doi:10.1073/pnas.2010540117
  27. Chouaki Benmansour N, Carvelli J, Vivier E. Complement cascade in severe forms of COVID-19:
    Recent advances in therapy. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51(7):1652-1659. doi:10.1002/eji.202048959
  28. López-Pedrera C, Barbarroja N, Jimenez-Gomez Y, Collantes-Estevez E, Aguirre MA, Cuadrado
    MJ. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis associated with anti-phospholipid
    syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: new therapeutic approaches. Rheumatol Oxf Engl.
    2016;55(12):2096-2108. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kew054
  29. Farris AD, Guthridge JM. Overlapping B cell pathways in severe COVID-19 and lupus. Nat
    Immunol. 2020;21(12):1478-1480. doi:10.1038/s41590-020-00822-z
  30. MacDonald L, Alivernini S, Tolusso B, et al. COVID-19 and RA share an SPP1 myeloid pathway
    that drives PD-L1+ neutrophils and CD14+ monocytes. JCI Insight. 2021;6(13).
    doi:10.1172/jci.insight.147413
  31. Schett G, Manger B, Simon D, Caporali R. COVID-19 revisiting inflammatory pathways of
    arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(8):465-470. doi:10.1038/s41584-020-0451-z
  32. Luo M, Cao S, Wei L, et al. Intubation, mortality, and risk factors in critically ill Covid-19 patients:
    A pilot study. J Clin Anesth. 2020;67:110039. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2020.110039
  33. Tandon A, Pandey L. COVID-19, steroids, and mucormycosis: What an ophthalmologist should
    know. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(7):1970. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_1143_21
  34. Therapeutic Anticoagulation with Heparin in Critically Ill Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med.
    2021;385(9):777-789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2103417
  35. Free radicals: What are they and why should nurses care about them? American Nurse.
    Published April 11, 2011. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.myamericannurse.com/freeradicals-what-are-they-and-why-should-nurses-care-about-them/
  36. Ahsan H, Ali A, Ali R. Oxygen free radicals and systemic autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol.
    2003;131(3):398-404. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02104.x
  37. 8.2: Generation of Free Radicals in the Body. Medicine LibreTexts. Published July 29, 2016.
    Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Book%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Zimmerma
    n)/08%3A_Nutrients_Important_as_Antioxidants/8.02%3A_Generation_of_Free_Radicals_in_the_Body
  38. Daiber A, Oelze M, Daub S, et al. Vascular Redox Signaling, Redox Switches i
  1. Daiber A, Oelze M, Daub S, et al. Vascular Redox Signaling, Redox Switches in Endothelial Nitric
    Oxide Synthase (eNOS Uncoupling), and Endothelial Dysfunction. In: Laher I, ed. Systems Biology of Free
    Radicals and Antioxidants. Springer; 2014:1177-1211. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_48
  2. Gladyshev VN. The Free Radical Theory of Aging Is Dead. Long Live the Damage Theory! Antioxid
    Redox Signal. 2014;20(4):727-731. doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5228
  3. Junghanns FB. MATH+ Protocol. FLCCC | Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. MATH+ Protocol - FLCCC | Front Line COVID-19 Critical Care Alliance
  4. Lammi C, Arnoldi A. Food-derived antioxidants and COVID-19. J Food Biochem.
    2021;45(1):e13557. doi:10.1111/jfbc.13557
  5. Żukowski P, Maciejczyk M, Matczuk J, et al. Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Antioxidant Defense,
    Oxidative Modification, and Salivary Gland Function in a Rat Model of Insulin Resistance. Oxid Med Cell
    Longev. 2018;2018:e6581970. doi:10.1155/2018/6581970
  6. Aldini G, Altomare A, Baron G, et al. N-Acetylcysteine as an antioxidant and disulphide breaking
    agent: the reasons why. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(7):751-762. doi:10.1080/10715762.2018.1468564
  7. Zhitkovich A. N-Acetylcysteine: Antioxidant, Aldehyde Scavenger, and More. Chem Res Toxicol.
    2019;32(7):1318-1319. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00152
  8. Gilad E, Cuzzocrea S, Zingarelli B, Salzman AL, Szabó C. Melatonin is a scavenger of peroxynitrite.
    Life Sci. 1997;60(10):PL169-174. doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00008-8
  9. Shaeib F, Khan SN, Ali I, et al. Melatonin Prevents Myeloperoxidase Heme Destruction and the
    Generation of Free Iron Mediated by Self-Generated Hypochlorous Acid. PLOS ONE.
    2015;10(4):e0120737. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120737
  10. Elsaed WM, Alahmadi AM, Al-Ahmadi BT, Taha JA, Tarabishi RM. Gastroprotective and
    antioxidant effects of fluvoxamine on stress-induced peptic ulcer in rats. J Taibah Univ Med Sci.
    2018;13(5):422-431. doi:10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.04.010
  11. Dallé E, Daniels WMU, Mabandla MV. Long-Term Treatment with Fluvoxamine Decreases
    Nonmotor Symptoms and Dopamine Depletion in a Postnatal Stress Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease.
    Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:e1941480. doi:10.1155/2020/1941480
  12. Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Bianchi T, Guffanti EE. Budesonide reduces superoxide and
    peroxynitrite anion chemiluminescence during human neutrophil bursts. Pharmacology. 2005;75(4):179-
  13. doi:10.1159/000088623
  14. Mikolka P, Kopincova J, Tomcikova Mikusiakova L, et al. Effects of surfactant/budesonide
    therapy on oxidative modifications in the lung in experimental meconium-induced lung injury. J Physiol
    Pharmacol Off J Pol Physiol Soc. 2016;67(1):57-65.
  15. Lamothe PH, Rao E, Serra AJ, et al. Comparative efficacy of cimetidine, famotidine, ranitidine,
    and mylanta in postoperative stress ulcers. Gastric pH control and ulcer prevention in patients
    undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(6):1515-1520.
    doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)90647-4
  16. van Zyl JM, Kriegler A, van der Walt BJ. Anti-oxidant properties of H2-receptor antagonists.
    Effects on myeloperoxidase-catalysed reactions and hydroxyl radical generation in a ferrous-hydrogen
    peroxide system. Biochem Pharmacol. 1993;45(12):2389-2397. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90218-l
  17. Ching T-L, Haenen GRMM, Bast A. Cimetidine and other H2 receptor antagonists as powerful
    hydroxyl radical scavengers. Chem Biol Interact. 1993;86(2):119-127. doi:10.1016/0009-2797(93)90116-
    G
  18. Peterson DA, Gerrard JM, Rao GHR, White JG. Inhibition of ferrous iron induced oxidation of
    arachidonic acid by indomethacin. Prostaglandins Med. 1979;2(2):97-108. doi:10.1016/0161-
    4630(79)90044-2
  19. Cross AL, Hawkes J, Wright HL, Moots RJ, Edwards SW. APPA (apocynin and paeonol) modulates
    pathological aspects of human neutrophil function, without supressing antimicrobial ability, and inhibits
    TNFα expression and signalling. Inflammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1223-1235. doi:10.1007/s10787-
    020-00715-5
  20. Heumüller S, Wind S, Barbosa-Sicard E, et al. Apocynin Is Not an Inhibitor of Vascular NADPH
    Oxidases but an Antioxidant. Hypertension. 2008;51(2):211-217.
    doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.100214
  21. de Almeida AC, dos Santos Vilela MM, Condino-Neto A, Ximenes VF. The Importance of
    Myeloperoxidase in Apocynin-Mediated NADPH Oxidase Inhibition. ISRN Inflamm. 2012;2012:260453.
    doi:10.5402/2012/260453
  22. NADPH oxidase Covid-19 Oxygen treatment? ResearchGate. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    NADPH oxidase Covid-19 Oxygen treatment?
  23. Varga Z, Flammer AJ, Steiger P, et al. Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19. The
    Lancet. 2020;395(10234):1417-1418. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5
  24. COVID19. Global Sepsis Alliance. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.global-sepsisalliance.org/covid19
  25. HealthLeaders. Expert: Severe COVID-19 Illness Is Viral Sepsis. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Expert: Severe COVID-19 Illness Is Viral Sepsis | HealthLeaders Media
  26. Aisa-Alvarez A, Soto ME, Guarner-Lans V, et al. Usefulness of Antioxidants as Adjuvant Therapy
    for Septic Shock: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Med Kaunas Lith. 2020;56(11):E619.
    doi:10.3390/medicina56110619
  27. Aisa-Alvarez A, Perez-Torres I, Camarena-Alejo G, et al. A Randomized clinical trial of antioxidant
    therapy in patients with septic shock. Reference study to propose adjuvant therapy in patients with
    critical organic damage by COVID-19. Published online September 28, 2021. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs52169/v1
  28. Kashiouris MG, L’Heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. The Emerging Role of
    Vitamin C as a Treatment for Sepsis. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):E292. doi:10.3390/nu12020292
  29. That “damn machine”: mechanical ventilators in the ICU. STAT. Published August 20, 2021.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/20/that-damn-machine-the-darkside-of-mechanical-ventilators-in-the-icu/
  30. Ferreira JC, Ho Y-L, Besen BAMP, et al. Protective ventilation and outcomes of critically ill
    patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):92. doi:10.1186/s13613-021-
    00882-w
  31. Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med.
    2020;383(21):2030-2040. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2022926
  32. Popp M, Stegemann M, Metzendorf M-I, et al. Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7:CD015017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015017.pub2
  33. Acosta MAT, Singer BD. Pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS: implications for an aging
    population. Eur Respir J. Published online January 1, 2020. doi:10.1183/13993003.02049-2020
  34. dos Santos WG. Natural history of COVID-19 and current knowledge on treatment therapeutic
    options. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;129:110493. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110493
  35. Dölken L, Stich A, Spinner CD. Remdesivir for Early COVID-19 Treatment of High-Risk Individuals
    Prior to or at Early Disease Onset—Lessons Learned. Viruses. 2021;13(6):963. doi:10.3390/v13060963
  36. Hydroxychloroquine does not benefit adults hospitalized with COVID-19. National Institutes of
    Health (NIH). Published November 9, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/newsevents/news-releases/hydroxychloroquine-does-not-benefit-adults-hospitalized-covid-19
  37. Ivermectin Won’t Treat Covid-19 but Demand for Drug Surges - The New York Times. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/30/health/covid-ivermectinprescriptions.html
  38. What the FDA wants doctors to tell patients asking for ivermectin. American Medical
    Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/p
  1. What the FDA wants doctors to tell patients asking for ivermectin. American Medical
    Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/publichealth/what-fda-wants-doctors-tell-patients-asking-ivermectin
  2. AbbVie’s Kaletra doesn’t work in COVID-19, say Chinese scientists -. Accessed September 28,
  3. https://pharmaphorum.com/news/abbvies-kaletra-doesnt-work-in-covid-19-say-chinesescientists/
  4. Chamary JV. The Strange Story Of Remdesivir, A Covid Drug That Doesn’t Work. Forbes.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jvchamary/2021/01/31/remdesivir-covidcoronavirus/
  5. Uttar Pradesh government says early use of Ivermectin helped to keep positivity, deaths low.
    The Indian Express. Published May 12, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-government-says-ivermectin-helped-tokeep-deaths-low-7311786/
  6. India Claims Ivermectin is Effective Against COVID – Orion’s Cold Fire. Accessed September 28,
  7. https://orionscoldfire.com/index.php/2021/09/16/india-claims-ivermectin-is-effective-againstcovid/
  8. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan deletes her controversial tweet - Indian Bar Association. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://indianbarassociation.in/indian-bar-associationiba-vs-drsoumyaswaminathan/
  9. Indian Bar Association Charges WHO Chief Scientist for Mass Murder - PaulCraigRoberts.org.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2021/08/23/indian-bar-associationcharges-who-chief-scientist-for-mass-murder/
  10. Ivomec® (ivermectin) – Effective dewormer, trusted for more than 35 years. Boehringer
    Ingelheim Vetmedica. Published April 10, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.bivetmedica.com/species/cattle/products/ivomec.html
  11. CRUMP A, ŌMURA S. Ivermectin, ‘Wonder drug’ from Japan: the human use perspective. Proc
    Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2011;87(2):13-28. doi:10.2183/pjab.87.13
  12. Camero K. Some people are taking an anti-parasitic to treat COVID. Here’s why that’s a bad idea.
    Miami Herald. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article253290108.html
  13. Editor AD News. University experts weigh in on using ivermectin ‘horse dewormer’ as COVID-19
    treatment. Technician. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    University experts weigh in on using ivermectin ‘horse dewormer’ as COVID-19 treatment | News | technicianonline.com
  14. Yang SNY, Atkinson SC, Wang C, et al. The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host
    nuclear transport importin α/β1 heterodimer. Antiviral Res. 2020;177:104760.
    doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104760
  15. Kosyna FK, Nagel M, Kluxen L, Kraushaar K, Depping R. The importin α/β-specific inhibitor
    Ivermectin affects HIF-dependent hypoxia response pathways. Biol Chem. 2015;396(12):1357-1367.
    doi:10.1515/hsz-2015-0171
  16. Shahbaznejad L, Davoudi A, Eslami G, et al. Effects of Ivermectin in Patients With COVID-19: A
    Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Ther. 2021;43(6):1007-1019.
    doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.04.007
  17. Zaidi AK, Dehgani-Mobaraki P. The mechanisms of action of Ivermectin against SARS-CoV-2: An
    evidence-based clinical review article. J Antibiot (Tokyo). Published online June 15, 2021:1-13.
    doi:10.1038/s41429-021-00430-5
  18. Ivermectin for COVID-19: real-time meta analysis of 65 studies. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://ivmmeta.com/
  19. Israeli scientist says COVID-19 could be treated for under $1/day. The Jerusalem Post |
    JPost.com. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.jpost.com/health-science/israeli-scientist-sayscovid-19-could-be-treated-for-under-1day-675612
  20. Feuer W. Gilead’s coronavirus treatment remdesivir to cost $3,120 per U.S. patient with private
    insurance. CNBC. Published June 29, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/29/gileads-coronavirus-treatment-remdesivir-to-cost-3120-for-usinsured-patients.html
  21. Pharmaceutical companies pay low taxes and reap enormous profit from COVID vaccines.
    American Friends Service Committee. Published September 15, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.afsc.org/newsroom/pharmaceutical-companies-pay-low-taxes-and-reap-enormous-profitcovid-vaccines
  22. Obscene global vaccine profiteering by pharmaceutical companies. World Socialist Web Site.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. Obscene global vaccine profiteering by pharmaceutical companies - World Socialist Web Site
  23. Pharmaceutical Companies Reaping Immoral Profits From COVID Vaccines Yet Paying Low Tax
    Rates. Common Dreams. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2021/09/15/pharmaceutical-companies-reaping-immoralprofits-covid-vaccines-yet-paying-low
  24. Ennis M, Tiligada K. Histamine receptors and COVID-19. Inflamm Res. Published online
    November 18, 2020:1-9. doi:10.1007/s00011-020-01422-1
  25. Hogan II RB, Hogan III RB, Cannon T, et al. Dual-histamine receptor blockade with cetirizine -
    famotidine reduces pulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2020;63:101942.
    doi:10.1016/j.pupt.2020.101942
  26. Mura C, Preissner S, Nahles S, Heiland M, Bourne PE, Preissner R. Real-world evidence for
    improved outcomes with histamine antagonists and aspirin in 22,560 COVID-19 patients. Signal
    Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6(1):1-3. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00689-y
  27. Ishola AA, Joshi T, Abdulai SI, Tijjani H, Pundir H, Chandra S. Molecular basis for the repurposing
    of histamine H2-receptor antagonist to treat COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;0(0):1-18.
    doi:10.1080/07391102.2021.1873191
  28. Cross KM, Landis DM, Sehgal L, Payne JD. Melatonin for the Early Treatment of COVID-19: A
    Narrative Review of Current Evidence and Possible Efficacy. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(8):850-855.
    doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.06.001
  29. Camp OG, Bai D, Gonullu DC, Nayak N, Abu-Soud HM. Melatonin interferes with COVID-19 at
    several distinct ROS-related steps. J Inorg Biochem. 2021;223:111546.
    doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111546
  30. Marinella MA. Indomethacin and resveratrol as potential treatment adjuncts for SARS-CoV2/COVID-19. Int J Clin Pract. 2020;74(9):e13535. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13535
  31. Yu L-M, Bafadhel M, Dorward J, et al. Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at high risk of
    complications in the community in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive
    platform trial. The Lancet. 2021;398(10303):843-855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01744-X
  32. Ebell MH. Inhaled Budesonide Reduces the Risk of Emergency Department Evaluation or
    Hospitalization in Early COVID-19. Am Fam Physician. 2021;104(2):207-208. Accessed September 28,
  33. Inhaled Budesonide Reduces the Risk of Emergency Department Evaluation or Hospitalization in Early COVID-19 - POEMs - American Family Physician
  34. Amici C, Di Caro A, Ciucci A, et al. Indomethacin has a potent antiviral activity against SARS
    coronavirus. Antivir Ther. 2006;11(8):1021-1030.
  35. Droplets vs Aerosols: What’s More Important in COVID-19 Spread? Published May 13, 2021.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/92564
  1. COVID-19: Droplet or Airborne Transmission? Penn Medicine Epidemiologists Issue Statement -
    Penn Medicine. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/pennphysician-blog/2020/august/airborne-droplet-debate-article
  2. 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne - The New York Times. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/239-experts-with-one-big-claimthe-coronavirus-is-airborne.html
  3. Goldman E. Exaggerated risk of transmission of COVID-19 by fomites. Lancet Infect Dis.
    2020;20(8):892-893. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30561-2
  4. Lewis D. COVID-19 rarely spreads through surfaces. So why are we still deep cleaning? Nature.
    2021;590(7844):26-28. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00251-4
  5. Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients | medRxiv. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.08.03.20167395v1
  6. PolitiFact JG. What We Know About the Airborne Spread of the Coronavirus. Kaiser Health
    News. Published September 30, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://khn.org/news/fact-checkairborne-transmission-coronavirus-science-behind-aerosol-spread/
  7. A guideline to limit indoor airborne transmission of COVID-19 | PNAS. Accessed September 28,
  8. https://www.pnas.org/content/118/17/e2018995118
  9. Chen CC, Willeke K. Aerosol penetration through surgical masks. Am J Infect Control.
    1992;20(4):177-184. doi:10.1016/s0196-6553(05)80143-9
  10. Konda A, Prakash A, Moss GA, Schmoldt M, Grant GD, Guha S. Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of
    Common Fabrics Used in Respiratory Cloth Masks. ACS Nano. 2020;14(5):6339-6347.
    doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c03252
  11. Guide for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment for Emergency First Responders
    (Percutaneous Protection–Apparel), NIJ Guide 102-00, Volume IIc. National Institute of Justice. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://nij.ojp.gov/library/publications/guide-selection-personal-protectiveequipment-emergency-first-responders-1
  12. US EPA O. EPA Researchers Test Effectiveness of Face Masks, Disinfection Methods Against
    COVID-19. Published April 5, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epa-researchers-test-effectiveness-face-masks-disinfectionmethods-against-covid-19
  13. Caruhel J-B, Sigaux N, Crambert A, et al. Military gas mask to protect surgeons when performing
    tracheotomies on patients with COVID-19. BMJ Mil Health. Published online August 2020:bmjmilitary2020-001547. doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001547
  14. Coronavirus Protection Made Easy with the MaxAir CAPR®. Mopec. Published March 2, 2020.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.mopec.com/coronavirus-protection-made-easy-with-themaxair-capr/
  15. Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: State of the knowledge and
    research needs. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739:139076. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139076
  16. Sharif S, Ikram A, Khurshid A, et al. Detection of SARs-CoV-2 in wastewater using the existing
    environmental surveillance network: A potential supplementary system for monitoring COVID-19
    transmission. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0249568. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249568
  17. Peccia J, Zulli A, Brackney DE, et al. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks
    community infection dynamics. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(10):1164-1167. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z
  18. McKinney KR, Gong YY, Lewis TG. Environmental transmission of SARS at Amoy Gardens. J
    Environ Health. 2006;68(9):26-30; quiz 51-52.
  19. Hung LS. The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned? J R Soc Med.
    2003;96(8):374-378. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned?
  20. COVID-19 Could Spread Through Dry Floor Drains. CleanLink. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    COVID-19 Could Spread Through Dry Floor Drains
  21. ‘Leaky’ Vaccines Can Produce Stronger Versions of Viruses. Healthline. Published July 27, 2015.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.healthline.com/health-news/leaky-vaccines-can-producestronger-versions-of-viruses-072715
  22. MD BH. Let’s Stop Pretending About the Covid-19 Vaccines | RealClearScience. Published August
    23, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.realclearscience.com/articles/2021/08/23/lets_stop_pretending_about_the_covid19_vaccines_791050.html
  23. CDC Newsroom. CDC. Published January 1, 2016. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Statement from CDC Director Rochelle P. Walensky, MD, MPH on Today’s MMWR | CDC Online Newsroom | CDC
  24. Brueck H. CDC: Everyone should mask up indoors — whether they’re fully vaccinated or not —
    as the Delta variant sweeps the US. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.businessinsider.com/cdc-fully-vaccinated-new-guidelines-wear-masks-indoors-delta-2021-
    7
  25. Lasting immunity found after recovery from COVID-19. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
    Published January 25, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nihresearch-matters/lasting-immunity-found-after-recovery-covid-19
  26. Gazit S, Shlezinger R, Perez G, et al. Comparing SARS-CoV-2 Natural Immunity to VaccineInduced Immunity: Reinfections versus Breakthrough Infections.; 2021:2021.08.24.21262415.
    doi:10.1101/2021.08.24.21262415
  27. Accelerated Covid-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials. JD Supra. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Accelerated Covid-19 Vaccine Clinical Trials | King & Spalding - JDSupra
  28. Were the COVID-19 vaccines rushed? Here’s how the vaccines were developed so fast. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Were the COVID-19 vaccines rushed? Here's how the vaccines were developed so fast | Nebraska Medicine Omaha, NE
  29. Reichmuth AM, Oberli MA, Jaklenec A, Langer R, Blankschtein D. mRNA vaccine delivery using
    lipid nanoparticles. Ther Deliv. 2016;7(5):319-334. doi:10.4155/tde-2016-0006
  30. Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. Chemical &
    Engineering News. Accessed September 28, 2021. Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19
  31. CDC. Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
    Published March 4, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-
    ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/mrna.html
  32. What are mRNA vaccines and how do they work?: MedlinePlus Genetics. Accessed September
    28, 2021. What are mRNA vaccines and how do they work?: MedlinePlus Genetics
  33. Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype
    pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567-571. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0
  34. PhD SM. How mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna work, why they’re a breakthrough and
    why they need to be kept so cold. The Conversation. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    http://theconversation.com/how-mrna-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna-work-why-theyre-abreakthrough-and-why-they-need-to-be-kept-so-cold-150238
  35. Martínez-Flores D, Zepeda-Cervantes J, Cruz-Reséndiz A, Aguirre-Sampieri S, Sampieri A, Vaca L.
    SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants. Front
    Immunol. 2021;12:2774. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501
  36. Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Tharakhet K, et al. DNA vaccine candidate encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike
    proteins elicited potent humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses in mice. PLOS ONE.
    2021;16(3):e0248007. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248007
  1. COVID-19 Viral Vector Vaccines. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/vaccines/covid-19-viral-vectorvaccines/
  2. Zimmerman RK. Helping patients with ethical concerns about COVID-19 vaccines in light of fetal
    cell lines used in some COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine. 2021;39(31):4242-4244.
    doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.027
  3. The Ethics of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Revisited. Christian Medical & Dental Associations®
    (CMDA). Published September 15, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://cmda.org/the-ethics-ofthe-sars-cov-2-vaccines-revisited/
  4. Canadian Covid Care Alliance. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Canadian Covid Care Alliance
  5. Juraszek J, Rutten L, Blokland S, et al. Stabilizing the closed SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. Nat
    Commun. 2021;12(1):244. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20321-x
  6. The tiny tweak behind COVID-19 vaccines. Chemical & Engineering News. Accessed September
    28, 2021. The tiny tweak behind COVID-19 vaccines
  7. SARS-COV-2 mRNA Vaccine (BNT162, PF-07302048) 2.6.4 Overview of Pharmacokinetic Test |
    BibSonomy. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    SARS-COV-2 mRNA Vaccine (BNT162, PF-07302048) 2.6.4 Overview of Pharmacokinetic Test | BibSonomy
  8. Krantz MS, Liu Y, Phillips EJ, Stone CA. COVID-19 vaccine anaphylaxis: PEG or not? Allergy.
    2021;76(6):1934-1937. doi:10.1111/all.14722
  9. Moghimi SM. Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. Mol Ther.
    2021;29(3):898-900. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.030
  10. Overview of translation (article). Khan Academy. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-andregulation/translation/a/translation-overview
  11. Thomas EN, Kim KQ, McHugh EP, Marcinkiewicz T, Zaher HS. Alkylative damage of mRNA leads
    to ribosome stalling and rescue by trans translation in bacteria. Dever TE, Storz G, eds. eLife.
    2020;9:e61984. doi:10.7554/eLife.61984
  12. Karamyshev AL, Karamysheva ZN. Lost in Translation: Ribosome-Associated mRNA and Protein
    Quality Controls. Front Genet. 2018;9:431. doi:10.3389/fgene.2018.00431
  13. Mendonsa S, von Kuegelgen N, Bujanic L, Chekulaeva M. Charcot–Marie–Tooth mutation in
    glycyl-tRNA synthetase stalls ribosomes in a pre-accommodation state and activates integrated stress
    response. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(17):10007-10017. doi:10.1093/nar/gkab730
  14. Zuko A, Mallik M, Thompson R, et al. tRNA overexpression rescues peripheral neuropathy
    caused by mutations in tRNA synthetase. Science. 2021;373(6559):1161-1166.
    doi:10.1126/science.abb3356
  15. Zhang S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang P, Chen G, Zhou Y. Insights Into Translatomics in the Nervous
    System. Front Genet. 2020;11:1682. doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.599548
  16. Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage—Mechanisms, Function,
    and “Omic” Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev.
    2018;118(3):1137-1168. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120
  17. Örd M, Faustova I, Loog M. The sequence at Spike S1/S2 site enables cleavage by furin and
    phospho-regulation in SARS-CoV2 but not in SARS-CoV1 or MERS-CoV. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16944.
    doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74101-0
  18. Lemmin T, Kalbermatter D, Harder D, Plattet P, Fotiadis D. Structures and dynamics of the novel
    S1/S2 protease cleavage site loop of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. J Struct Biol X. 2020;4:100038.
    doi:10.1016/j.yjsbx.2020.100038
  19. Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR. Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via
    sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2009;106(14):5871-5876.
    doi:10.1073/pnas.0809524106
  20. Ogata AF, Cheng C-A, Desjardins M, et al. Circulating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
    Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine Antigen Detected in the Plasma of mRNA-1273 Vaccine Recipients.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2021;(ciab465). doi:10.1093/cid/ciab465
  21. Peacock TP, Goldhill DH, Zhou J, et al. The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is
    required for transmission in ferrets. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(7):899-909. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00908-
    w
  22. Bestle D, Heindl MR, Limburg H, et al. TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic
    activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells. Life Sci Alliance. 2020;3(9). doi:10.26508/lsa.202000786
  23. Cheng MH, Zhang S, Porritt RA, et al. Superantigenic character of an insert unique to SARS-CoV-2
    spike supported by skewed TCR repertoire in patients with hyperinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
    2020;117(41):25254-25262. doi:10.1073/pnas.2010722117
  24. Brown M, Bhardwaj N. Super(antigen) target for SARS-CoV-2. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(2):72-
  25. doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00502-5
  26. Föhse K, Geckin B, Overheul G, et al. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
    reprograms both adaptive and innate immune response. Published online 2021.
    doi:10.1101/2021.05.03.21256520
  27. Wang H, Chen Q, Hu Y, et al. Pathogenic antibodies induced by spike proteins of COVID-19 and
    SARS-CoV viruses. Published online September 28, 2021. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-612103/v2
  28. says R to the document-WB. Summary: Covid-19 Vaccine Concerns. Dr. Rich Swier. Published
    September 18, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://drrichswier.com/2021/09/18/summarycovid-19-vaccine-concerns/
  29. Commissioner O of the. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: July 13, 2021. FDA. Published July 13,
  30. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/pressannouncements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-july-13-2021
  31. Bell’s Palsy After COVID Vaccines Still Very Rare. Published August 16, 2021. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19vaccine/94061
  32. Havla J, Schultz Y, Zimmermann H, Hohlfeld R, Danek A, Kümpfel T. First manifestation of
    multiple sclerosis after immunization with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J Neurol. Published
    online June 11, 2021. doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10648-w
  33. Baggen J, Vanstreels E, Jansen S, Daelemans D. Cellular host factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(10):1219-1232. doi:10.1038/s41564-021-00958-0
  34. Perez-Miller S, Patek M, Moutal A, et al. Novel Compounds Targeting Neuropilin Receptor 1 with
    Potential To Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021;12(8):1299-1312.
    doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00619
  35. Daly JL, Simonetti B, Klein K, et al. Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science.
    2020;370(6518):861-865. doi:10.1126/science.abd3072
  36. Nader D, Fletcher N, Curley GF, Kerrigan SW. SARS-CoV-2 uses major endothelial integrin αvβ3
    to cause vascular dysregulation in-vitro during COVID-19. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0253347.
    doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253347
  37. Petruk G, Puthia M, Petrlova J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to bacterial
    lipopolysaccharide and boosts proinflammatory activity. J Mol Cell Biol. 2020;12(12):916-932.
    doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa067
  38. Suzuki YJ, Gychka SG. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Elicits Cell Signaling in Human Host Cells:
    Implications for Possible Consequences of COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines. 2021;9(1):36.
    doi:10.3390/vaccines9010036
  1. Liu S, Selvaraj P, Lien CZ, et al. The PRRA Insert at the S1/S2 Site Modulates Cellular Tropism of
    SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Usage by the Closely Related Bat RaTG13. J Virol. 95(11):e01751-20.
    doi:10.1128/JVI.01751-20
  2. Johnson BA, Xie X, Kalveram B, et al. Furin Cleavage Site Is Key to SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis.
    bioRxiv. Published online August 26, 2020:2020.08.26.268854. doi:10.1101/2020.08.26.268854
  3. Deigin Y. Lab-made? CoV2 genealogy through the lens of gain-of-function research. Medium.
    Published May 3, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://yurideigin.medium.com/lab-made-cov2-
    genealogy-through-the-lens-of-gain-of-function-research-f96dd7413748
  4. Tetz G, Tetz V. SARS-CoV-2 Prion-Like Domains in Spike Proteins Enable Higher Affinity to ACE2.
    Published online March 29, 2020. doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0422.v1
  5. Fryer HR, McLean AR. There Is No Safe Dose of Prions. PLOS ONE. 2011;6(8):e23664.
    doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023664
  6. Seneff S, Nigh G. Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences
    of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19. Int J Vaccine Theory Pract Res. 2021;2(1):38-79. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Worse Than the Disease? Reviewing Some Possible Unintended Consequences of the mRNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 | International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research
  7. Idrees D, Kumar V. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interactions with amyloidogenic proteins: Potential
    clues to neurodegeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021;554:94-98.
    doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.100
  8. Rhea EM, Logsdon AF, Hansen KM, et al. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain
    barrier in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2021;24(3):368-378. doi:10.1038/s41593-020-00771-8
  9. Zhang L, Zhou L, Bao L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood–brain barrier accompanied with
    basement membrane disruption without tight junctions alteration. Signal Transduct Target Ther.
    2021;6(1):1-12. doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00719-9
  10. Buzhdygan TP, DeOre BJ, Baldwin-Leclair A, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alters barrier
    function in 2D static and 3D microfluidic in-vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis.
    2020;146:105131. doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105131
  11. Ricke DO. Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2
    Antibodies. Front Immunol. 2021;12:640093. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.640093
  12. Halstead SB, Katzelnick L. COVID 19 Vaccines: Should we fear ADE? J Infect Dis. Published online
    August 12, 2020:jiaa518. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa518
  13. Yahi N, Chahinian H, Fantini J. Infection-enhancing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies recognize both
    the original Wuhan/D614G strain and Delta variants. A potential risk for mass vaccination? J Infect.
    2021;0(0). doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.010
  14. (STUDY) Why so many vaccinated people are getting sick: Antibody Dependent Enhancement
    (ADE) | Sharyl Attkisson. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sharylattkisson.com/2021/08/studywhy-so-many-vaccinated-people-are-getting-sick/
  15. Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2
    vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(10):1185-1191. doi:10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5
  16. Wen J, Cheng Y, Ling R, et al. Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus. Int J Infect Dis.
    2020;100:483-489. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.015
  17. Wan Y, Shang J, Sun S, et al. Molecular Mechanism for Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of
    Coronavirus Entry. J Virol. 2020;94(5):e02015-19. doi:10.1128/JVI.02015-19
  18. Liu Y, Arase N, Kishikawa J, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Is Poised to Acquire Complete
    Resistance to Wild-Type Spike Vaccines.; 2021:2021.08.22.457114. doi:10.1101/2021.08.22.457114
  19. Zhang A, Stacey HD, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. Original Antigenic Sin: How First Exposure Shapes
    Lifelong Anti–Influenza Virus Immune Responses. J Immunol. 2019;202(2):335-340.
    doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801149
  20. Brown EL, Essigmann HT. Original Antigenic Sin: the Downside of Immunological Memory and
    Implications for COVID-19. mSphere. 6(2):e00056-21. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00056-21
  21. Antibody Dependent Enhancement - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Accessed September
    28, 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/antibody-dependentenhancement
  22. ADE. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    ADE
  23. Shukla R, Ramasamy V, Shanmugam RK, Ahuja R, Khanna N. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement:
    A Challenge for Developing a Safe Dengue Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:597.
    doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.572681
  24. Scientists Discover How Dengue Vaccine Fails to Protect Against Disease. Newsroom. Published
    June 23, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://news.unchealthcare.org/2021/06/scientistsdiscover-how-dengue-vaccine-fails-to-protect-against-disease/
  25. Mahalingam S, Herring BL, Halstead SB. Call to Action for Dengue Vaccine Failure. Emerg Infect
    Dis. 2013;19(8):1335-1337. doi:10.3201/eid1908.121864
  26. How the World’s First Dengue Vaccination Drive Ended in Disaster. Scientific American.
    doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0419-38
  27. Tseng C-T, Sbrana E, Iwata-Yoshikawa N, et al. Immunization with SARS Coronavirus Vaccines
    Leads to Pulmonary Immunopathology on Challenge with the SARS Virus. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(4):e35421.
    doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035421
  28. Zhang L, Richards A, Khalil A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the
    human genome. BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol. Published online December 13, 2020:2020.12.12.422516.
    doi:10.1101/2020.12.12.422516
  29. MIT & Harvard Study Suggests mRNA Vaccine Might Permanently Alter DNA After All. Rights and
    Freedoms. Published August 13, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/mit-harvard-study-suggests-mrna-vaccine-mightpermanently-alter-dna-after-all/
  30. The Injection Fraud – It’s Not a Vaccine – Solari Report. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The Injection Fraud – It’s Not a Vaccine – Solari Report
  31. Dec 19 LS| NE| CN|, 2017. Feds lift gain-of-function research pause, offer guidance. CIDRAP.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. News & Perspective | CIDRAP
  32. Begley,STAT S. U.S. Lifts Moratorium on Funding Controversial, High-Risk Virus Research.
    Scientific American. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-liftsmoratorium-on-funding-controversial-high-risk-virus-research/
  33. NIH Lifts Funding Pause on Gain-of-Function Research. National Institutes of Health (NIH).
    Published December 18, 2017. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-weare/nih-director/statements/nih-lifts-funding-pause-gain-function-research
  34. Ralph S. Baric, PhD. UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Ralph S. Baric, PhD - UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
  35. Ralph Baric: On the Front Lines of Coronavirus for Three Decades - UNC General Alumni
    Association. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://alumni.unc.edu/news/ralph-baric-on-the-front-linesof-coronavirus-for-three-decades/
  36. Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K, et al. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses
    shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med. 2015;21(12):1508-1513. doi:10.1038/nm.3985
  37. Inside the risky bat-virus engineering that links America to Wuhan. MIT Technology Review.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/29/1027290/gain-offunction-risky-bat-virus-engineering-links-america-to-wuhan/
  1. Suryanarayanan S. Items from coronavirus expert Ralph Baric‘s emails. U.S. Right to Know.
    Published December 14, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://usrtk.org/biohazards-blog/ralphbaric-emails/
  2. Newsweek Op-Ed: “Congress Must Pursue Answers About the Origin of COVID-19” | Senator
    Rand Paul. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.paul.senate.gov/newsweek-op-ed-congressmust-pursue-answers-about-origin-covid-19
  3. Baker N. The Lab-Leak Hypothesis. Intelligencer. Published January 4, 2021. Accessed September
    28, 2021. Did COVID-19 Escape From a Lab? A Coronavirus Investigation
  4. Lerner S, Hvistendahl M, Hibbett M. NIH Documents Provide New Evidence U.S. Funded Gain-ofFunction Research in Wuhan. The Intercept. Published September 10, 2021. Accessed September 28,
  5. Documents Provide New Evidence U.S. Funded Gain-of-Function Research
  6. BOMBSHELL: Fauci Kept Funding Peter Daszak’s Wuhan “Gain of Function” Experiments with
    $7.5 Million after Trump Canceled Grant. National File. Published June 3, 2021. Accessed September 28,
  7. https://nationalfile.com/bombshell-fauci-kept-funding-peter-daszaks-wuhan-gain-of-functionexperiments-with-7-5-million-after-trump-canceled-grant/
  8. miningawareness. USAID (PREDICT) & NIH Gave $ 1.9 Million to the Wuhan (WIV) Lab Through
    Daszak-EcoHealth Alliance; Daszak Talks China Partners’ Work on “Killer” Viruses; Biden Budget
    Requests More USAID Money for Similar Projects. Mining Awareness +. Published June 11, 2021.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://miningawareness.wordpress.com/2021/06/11/usaid-predict-nihgave-1-9-million-to-the-wuhan-wiv-lab-through-daszak-ecohealth-alliance-daszak-talks-china-partnerswork-on-killer-viruses-biden-admin-plans/
  9. Gallagher: This is Bigger than Dr. Fauci. Congressman Mike Gallagher. Published May 20, 2021.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. Press Releases | Congressman Mike Gallagher
  10. Blog A. EcoHealth Alliance, DARPA Toyed With Infecting Wild Chinese Bats With Covid, Leaked
    Docs Allege. Algora Blog. Published September 22, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.algora.com/Algora_blog/2021/09/22/ecohealth-alliance-darpa-toyed-with-infecting-wildchinese-bats-with-covid-leaked-docs-allege
  11. Archive VA, feed G author R. Pentagon gave millions to EcoHealth Alliance for weapons research
    program. New York Post. Published July 2, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Pentagon gave millions to EcoHealth Alliance for weapons research program
  12. Judicial Watch: New Documents Show Wuhan Lab Asked NIH Official for Information on
    Disinfectants; Nine Fauci Agency Grants for EcoHealth Bat Coronavirus Research. Judicial Watch.
    Published July 8, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. Judicial Watch: New Documents Show Wuhan Lab Asked NIH Official for Information on Disinfectants; Nine Fauci Agency Grants for EcoHealth Bat Coronavirus Research | Judicial Watch
  13. JW v NIH Wuhan June 2021 00696. Judicial Watch. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    JW v NIH Wuhan June 2021 00696 | Judicial Watch
  14. Opinion | State Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan lab studying bat
    coronaviruses. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/statedepartment-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/. Accessed September
    28, 2021.
  15. Panetta G. US officials were reportedly concerned that safety breaches at a Wuhan lab studying
    coronaviruses in bats could cause a pandemic. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.businessinsider.com/us-officials-raised-alarms-about-safety-issues-in-wuhan-lab-report2020-4
  16. (PDF) The possible origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    130+ million publications organized by topic on ResearchGate
    The_possible_origins_of_2019-nCoV_coronavirus
  17. Crist C. 3 Wuhan Lab Workers’ 2019 Illness Raises Concerns. WebMD. Accessed September 28,
  18. 3 Wuhan Lab Workers’ 2019 Illness Raises Concerns
  19. Williams J. Fauci calls on China to release medical records of Wuhan researchers. TheHill.
    Published June 4, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/556815-
    fauci-calls-on-china-to-release-medical-records-of-wuhan-researchers
  20. Confidential Documents reveal Moderna sent mRNA Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate to
    University Researchers weeks before emergence of Covid-19. Rights and Freedoms. Published June 26,
  21. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/06/26/confidentialdocuments-reveal-moderna-sent-mrna-coronavirus-vaccine-candidate-to-university-researchers-weeksbefore-emergence-of-covid-19/
  22. Confidential Documents reveal Moderna sent mRNA Coronavirus Vaccine Candidate to
    University Researchers weeks before emergence of Covid-19 – The Expose. Accessed September 28,
  23. https://theexpose.uk/2021/06/18/confidential-documents-reveal-moderna-sent-mrnacoronavirus-vaccine-candidate-to-university-researchers-weeks-before-emergence-of-covid-19/
  24. Jan 11 LS| NE| CN|, 2020. China releases genetic data on new coronavirus, now deadly. CIDRAP.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. News & Perspective | CIDRAP
  25. Whole genome of novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, sequenced. ScienceDaily. Accessed September
    28, 2021. Whole genome of novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, sequenced -- ScienceDaily
  26. Bendix SN Andrew Dunn, Aria. Moderna’s groundbreaking coronavirus vaccine was designed in
    just 2 days. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Moderna Designed Its Coronavirus Vaccine in Just 2 Days
  27. Moderna designed its coronavirus vaccine in 2 days — here’s how - National | Globalnews.ca.
    Global News. Accessed September 28, 2021. Moderna designed its coronavirus vaccine in 2 days — here’s how - National | Globalnews.ca
  28. Wallace-Wells D. We Had the Vaccine the Whole Time. Intelligencer. Published December 7,
  29. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/12/moderna-covid-19-
    vaccine-design.html
  30. The Board of Directors of bioMerieux, chaired by Alain Merieux, has appointed Stephane Bancel
    Directeur General delegue (Chief Executive Officer) of bioMerieux starting January 1, 2007. bioMérieux
    Corporate Website. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.biomerieux.com/en/board-directorsbiomerieux-chaired-alain-merieux-has-appointed-stephane-bancel-directeur-general
  31. Stéphane Bancel | HIMSS. Published September 24, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Stéphane Bancel | HIMSS
  32. Alain Mérieux receives the prestigious Chinese Reform Friendship Award. Mérieux Foundation.
    Published September 17, 2013. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fondationmerieux.org/en/news/alain-merieux-receives-the-prestigious-chinese-reform-friendship-award/
  33. Beijing JXTWLCI. The Wuhan lab at the core of a virus controversy. Accessed September 28,
  34. The Wuhan lab at the core of a virus controversy
  35. China Inaugurates the first biocontainment level 4 laboratory in Wuhan----Wuhan Institute of
    Virology. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    China Inaugurates the first biocontainment level 4 laboratory in Wuhan----Wuhan Institute of Virology
  36. RaTG13 is fake. Nerd Has Power. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    RaTG13 is fake - Nerd Has Power
  37. RaTG13 – the Undeniable Evidence That the Wuhan Coronavirus Is Man-Made. GNEWS.
    Published May 2, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. RaTG13 – the Undeniable Evidence That the Wuhan Coronavirus Is Man-Made – GNEWS
  38. Scientific history of RaTG13. Peak Prosperity. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.peakprosperity.com/forum-topic/scientific-history-of-ratg13/
  1. No one can find the animal that gave people covid-19. MIT Technology Review. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/26/1021263/bat-covid-coronaviruscause-origin-wuhan/
  2. How WHO is working to track down the animal reservoir of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/how-who-is-working-totrack-down-the-animal-reservoir-of-the-sars-cov-2-virus
  3. Jewers C. More Lancet letter signatories found to have links to Wuhan. Mail Online. Published
    September 11, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. News Headlines | Today's UK & World News | Daily Mail Online
  4. Wang N, Li S-Y, Yang X-L, et al. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in
    Humans, China. Virol Sin. 2018;33(1):104-107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7
  5. Daszak and scientists stand by Lancet letter condemning Wuhan lab “conspiracy theories.” MSN.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. Daszak and scientists stand by Lancet letter condemning Wuhan lab 'conspiracy theories'
  6. Albaugh G. Journal That Mocked COVID Lab-Leak As “Conspiracy” Recants. Citizens Journal.
    Published September 22, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.citizensjournal.us/journalthat-mocked-covid-lab-leak-as-conspiracy-recants/
  7. Calisher C, Carroll D, Colwell R, et al. Statement in support of the scientists, public health
    professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19. The Lancet.
    2020;395(10226):e42-e43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9
  8. Lancet’s COVID origins panel disbands over ties to Peter Daszak’s EcoHealth Alliance.
    swiftheadline. Published September 26, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://swiftheadline.com/lancets-covid-origins-panel-disbands-over-ties-to-peter-daszaks-ecohealthalliance/
  9. WHO Covid Expert Peter Daszak’s Alleged China Connection and CCP Money Trail: What’s the
    Truth? Published February 11, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. WHO Covid Expert Peter Daszak's Alleged China Connection and CCP Money Trail: What's the Truth?
  10. Rutz D. Media fact-checkers, Facebook cited Wuhan lab-linked scientist to knock down lab leak
    theory. Fox News. Published June 3, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Media fact-checkers, Facebook cited Wuhan lab-linked scientist to knock down lab leak theory | Fox News
  11. Daszak P, Chmura A. A Fall From Grace To… Virulence? Ecohealth. 2008;5(1):96-97.
    doi:10.1007/s10393-008-0163-3
  12. Bogich TL, Chunara R, Scales D, et al. Preventing pandemics via international development: a
    systems approach. PLoS Med. 2012;9(12):e1001354. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001354
  13. Daszak P, Howard SE, Chmura AA. Rock, paper, scissors; chicken, human, swine. EcoHealth.
    2009;6(1):159-160. doi:10.1007/s10393-009-0245-x
  14. Ge X-Y, Li J-L, Yang X-L, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that
    uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013;503(7477):535-538. doi:10.1038/nature12711
  15. Latinne A, Hu B, Olival KJ, et al. Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in
    China. BioRxiv Prepr Serv Biol. Published online May 31, 2020:2020.05.31.116061.
    doi:10.1101/2020.05.31.116061
  16. Li H-Y, Zhu G-J, Zhang Y-Z, et al. A qualitative study of zoonotic risk factors among rural
    communities in southern China. Int Health. 2020;12(2):77-85. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihaa001
  17. Li H, Chen Y, Machalaba CC, et al. Wild animal and zoonotic disease risk management and
    regulation in China: Examining gaps and One Health opportunities in scope, mandates, and monitoring
    systems. One Health Amst Neth. 2021;13:100301. doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100301
  18. Nava A, Shimabukuro JS, Chmura AA, Luz SLB. The Impact of Global Environmental Changes on
    Infectious Disease Emergence with a Focus on Risks for Brazil. ILAR J. 2017;58(3):393-400.
    doi:10.1093/ilar/ilx034
  19. Wang N, Li S-Y, Yang X-L, et al. Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in
    Humans, China. Virol Sin. 2018;33(1):104-107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7
  20. Zeng L-P, Gao Y-T, Ge X-Y, et al. Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1
    Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response. J
    Virol. 2016;90(14):6573-6582. doi:10.1128/JVI.03079-15
  21. David Martin. The Fauci COVID 19 Dossier.; 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    http://archive.org/details/the-fauci-covid-19-dossier
  22. 161385360554578. Coronavirus patients WELDED into homes in China as death toll spirals to
  23. The US Sun. Published February 9, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.thesun.com/news/378365/coronavirus-patients-welded-into-homes-in-china-as-death-toll-spirals-to-813/
  24. Archive VA, Author E the, Twitter F on, et al. COVID-19 deaths in NY nursing homes were 50
    percent higher than claimed: probe. New York Post. Published January 28, 2021. Accessed September
    28, 2021. https://nypost.com/2021/01/28/ny-nursing-home-covid-deaths-50-higher-than-stated-agprobe/
  25. Ciavaglia DR and J. Investigations into Northeast nursing homes ongoing as true COVID death toll
    rises by 16K. The Intelligencer. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Investigations of Northeast nursing homes ongoing as COVID deaths rise
  26. editor@palltimes.com A and SR. New York health chief, Cuomo defender, resigning. Oswego
    County News Now. Accessed September 28, 2021. New York health chief, Cuomo defender, resigning
  27. Care homes accused of using powerful sedatives to kill corona victims quickly. The Sun.
    Published July 12, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Care homes accused of using powerful sedatives to kill corona victims quickly
  28. Wayne Smith, The Man Exposing The Midazolam Mass Murder Care Home Scandal Found Dead -
    Plandemic. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://plandemic.co/2021/08/19/wayne-smith-the-manexposing-the-midazolam-mass-murder-care-home-scandal-found-dead/
  29. Did the ‘First Wave’ Mean the Mass Murder of the Elderly With Midazolam? – The White Rose.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://thewhiterose.uk/was-this-the-first-wave-mass-murder-of-theelderly-with-midazolam/
  30. News: Face mask shortage prompts CDC to… (The Washington Post) - Behind the headlines -
    NLM. NCBI. Accessed September 28, 2021. News: Face mask shortage prompts CDC to... (The Washington Post) - Behind the headlines - NLM
  31. Evstatieva M. U.S. Companies Shifted To Make N95 Respirators During COVID. Now, They’re
    Struggling. NPR. U.S. Companies Making N95 Masks For COVID Struggle As Cheap Chinese Masks Return : NPR
    respirators-during-covid-now-theyre-struggling. Published June 25, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
  32. Pandemic Market Oddity: N95 Mask Shortage Despite Availability. Verisk. Accessed September
    28, 2021. https://www.verisk.com/insurance/covid-19/iso-insights/pandemic-market-oddity-n95-maskshortage-despite-availability/
  33. In the early days of the pandemic, the U.S. government turned down an offer to manufacture
    millions of N95 masks in America. Washington Post.
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/in-the-early-days-of-the-pandemic-the-usgovernment-turned-down-an-offer-to-manufacture-millions-of-n95-masks-inamerica/2020/05/09/f76a821e-908a-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html. Accessed September 28,
  1. Cheong W. The US government turned down an offer to manufacture up to 1.7 million N95
    masks weekly in January: report. Business Insider. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-rejected-an-offer-to-manufacture-up-to-17-millionn95-masks-weekly-2020-5
  2. Dugdale CM, Walensky RP. Filtration Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Availability of N95 Face Masks
    for COVID-19 Prevention. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(12):1612-1613.
    doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4218
  3. What’s a PCR test cycle threshold and why it matters. Full Fact. Published
    16:47:37.518768+00:00. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://fullfact.org/health/cycle-thresholdvalues/
  4. Rajyalakshmi B, Samavedam S, Reddy PR, Aluru N. Prognostic Value of “Cycle Threshold” in
    Confirmed COVID-19 Patients. Indian J Crit Care Med Peer-Rev Off Publ Indian Soc Crit Care Med.
    2021;25(3):322-326. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23765
  5. Covid Mandates: Unscientific, Irrational And Fraudulent, Dozens Of Reasons To Stop Them Now
    | Covid Call To Humanity. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://covidcalltohumanity.org/2021/09/27/nicanor-perlas-covid-mandates-unscientific-irrational-andfraudulent-dozens-of-reasons-to-stop-them-now/
  6. The COVID-19 PCR Test Is Key to the Pandemic Fraud | Principia Scientific Intl. Principia Scientific
    Intl. | A science-based community. Published September 8, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The COVID-19 PCR Test Is Key to the Pandemic Fraud | Principia Scientific Intl.
  7. Mandavilli A. Your Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn’t Be. The New York Times.
    Your Coronavirus Test Is Positive. Maybe It Shouldn’t Be. - The New York Times. Published August 29, 2020.
    Accessed September 28, 2021.
  8. The Fog of COVID-19 Data: How many cases aren’t even cases? John Locke Foundation.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.johnlocke.org/update/the-fog-of-covid-19-data-how-manycases-arent-even-cases/
  9. Caught Red-Handed: CDC Changes Test Thresholds To Virtually Eliminate New COVID Cases
    Among Vaxx’d. Rights and Freedoms. Published May 24, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://rightsfreedoms.wordpress.com/2021/05/24/caught-red-handed-cdc-changes-test-thresholds-tovirtually-eliminate-new-covid-cases-among-vaxxd/
  10. Trabert D. CDC: maximum 28 CT for post-vaccine COVID PCR tests. The Sentinel. Published May
    3, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sentinelksmo.org/cdc-maximum-28-ct-for-post-vaccinecovid-pcr-tests/
  11. FLCCC-Alliance-MATHplus-Protocol-ENGLISH.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://covid19criticalcare.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/FLCCC-Alliance-MATHplus-ProtocolENGLISH.pdf
  12. Kashiouris MG, L’Heureux M, Cable CA, Fisher BJ, Leichtle SW, Fowler AA. The Emerging Role of
    Vitamin C as a Treatment for Sepsis. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):E292. doi:10.3390/nu12020292
  13. Obi J, Pastores SM, Ramanathan LV, Yang J, Halpern NA. Treating sepsis with vitamin C,
    thiamine, and hydrocortisone: Exploring the quest for the magic elixir. J Crit Care. 2020;57:231-239.
    doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.12.011
  14. Harris R. “Tantalizing” Results For A Test Of Vitamin C For Sepsis. NPR.
    Confounding Study Results For Vitamin C To Treat Sepsis : Shots - Health News : NPR. Published October 1, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021.
  15. nutraingredients.com. “Ethically and morally unacceptable”: Reaction to vitamin C for sepsis
    trial. nutraingredients.com. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2020/01/28/Ethically-and-morally-unacceptable-Reactionto-vitamin-C-for-sepsis-trial
  16. Research C for DE and. FDA Updates and Press Announcements on NDMA in Zantac (ranitidine).
    FDA. Published online July 1, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety-and-availability/fda-updates-and-press-announcements-ndma-zantac-ranitidine
  17. FDA studies: No post-ingestion NDMA from ranitidine. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.raps.org/news-and-articles/news-articles/2021/6/fda-studies-no-post-ingestion-ndmafrom-ranitidine
  18. Ahmadi A, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Ahmad-Ashrafi S, Karami M, Mahdavi MR, Saravi SSS.
    Hepatoprotective, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of cimetidine, ranitidine and famotidine as
    histamine H2 receptor antagonists. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2011;25(1):72-79. doi:10.1111/j.1472-
    8206.2009.00810.x
  19. Nutrition C for FS and A. LES Labs - 593764 - 07/23/2020. Center for Food Safety and Applied
    Nutrition. Published July 29, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fda.gov/inspectionscompliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/les-labs-593764-07232020
  20. US senator, NPA press FDA on NAC supplements. Natural Products INSIDER. Published August
    18, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/regulatory/ussenator-npa-press-fda-nac-supplements
  21. nutraingredients-usa.com. CRN: ‘This is not the final word on NAC.’ nutraingredients-usa.com.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2021/05/11/CRN-This-isnot-the-final-word-on-NAC
  22. Amazon confirms plans on removing NAC supplements. Natural Products INSIDER. Published
    May 6, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/regulatory/amazon-confirms-plans-removing-nacsupplements
  23. Harvard University Professor and Two Chinese Nationals Charged in Three Separate China
    Related Cases. Published January 28, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals-chargedthree-separate-china-related
  24. Research Sponsors - Lieber Research GroupThe Lieber group is focused broadly on science and
    technology at the nanoscale - Lieber Research Group. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Research Sponsors - Lieber Research GroupThe Lieber group is focused broadly on science and technology at the nanoscale - Lieber Research Group
  25. Shaw J. Virus-Sized Transistors. Harvard Magazine. Published December 16, 2010. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Charles Lieber's nanoscale transistors can enter cells without harming them | Harvard Magazine
  26. Why did a Chinese university hire Charles Lieber to do battery research? Accessed September
    28, 2021. AAAS
  27. Writer PRHS. Reading life’s building blocks. Harvard Gazette. Published January 5, 2012.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/01/reading-lifes-buildingblocks/
  28. Correspondent CM-MH. Harvard researchers present nanowire devices update. Harvard
    Gazette. Published July 2, 2019. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/07/harvard-researchers-present-nanowire-devicesupdate/
  29. Harvard University Professor Indicted on False Statement Charges. Published June 9, 2020.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/harvard-university-professorindicted-false-statement-charges
  30. Barry E, Kolata G. China’s Lavish Funds Lured U.S. Scientists. What Did It Get in Return? The New
    York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/us/chinas-lavish-funds-lured-us-scientists-what-didit-get-in-return.html. Published February 6, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
  1. Subbaraman N. Harvard chemistry chief’s arrest over China links shocks researchers. Nature.
    Published online February 3, 2020. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00291-2
  2. Portman R, Carper T. Threats to the U.S. Research Enterprise: China’s Talent Recruitment Plans.
    :109.
  3. Krige J. Scholars or Spies? U.S.-China Tension in Academic Collaboration. China Research Center.
    Published October 12, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.chinacenter.net/2020/china_currents/19-3/scholars-or-spies-u-s-china-tension-inacademic-collaboration/
  4. FBI_Risks_To_Academia.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.research.psu.edu/sites/default/files/FBI_Risks_To_Academia.pdf
  5. Zweig D, Kang S. AMERICA CHALLENGES CHINA’S NATIONAL TALENT PROGRAMS. :20.
  6. Zhang A, Zhao Y, You SS, Lieber CM. Nanowire probes could drive high-resolution brain-machine
    interfaces. Nano Today. 2020;31:100821. doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100821
  7. Hong G, Lieber CM. Novel electrode technologies for neural recordings. Nat Rev Neurosci.
    2019;20(6):330-345. doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0140-6
  8. Human Cells Eat Nanowires. IEEE Spectrum. Published December 19, 2016. Accessed September
    28, 2021. Human Cells Eat Nanowires - IEEE Spectrum
  9. They’ve got the beat. Boston Herald. Published August 29, 2012. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    They’ve got the beat – Boston Herald
  10. Tian B, Liu J, Dvir T, et al. Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues.
    Nat Mater. 2012;11(11):986-994. doi:10.1038/nmat3404
  11. Board of Directors: Advancing mRNA Science - Moderna. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Board of Directors: Advancing mRNA Science - Moderna
  12. Tognini G. MIT Scientist Bob Langer Becomes A Billionaire Thanks To Moderna Stock Rally.
    Forbes. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/11/12/mitscientist-bob-langer-becomes-a-billionaire-thanks-to-moderna-stock-rally/
  13. Moderna’s Stock Rally Makes Bob Langer a Billionaire. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Moderna’s Stock Rally Makes Bob Langer a Billionaire
  14. Langer Lab – MIT Department of Chemical Engineering. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://langerlab.mit.edu/
  15. Nano-Bioelectronics. Lieber Research Group. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Nano-Bioelectronics - Lieber Research GroupThe Lieber group is focused broadly on science and technology at the nanoscale - Lieber Research Group
  16. Durden T. Klaus Schwab: Great Reset Will “Lead To Fusion Of Our Physical, Digital, & Biological
    Identity.” Invesbrain. Published November 17, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://invesbrain.com/klaus-schwab-great-reset-will-lead-to-fusion-of-our-physical-digital-biologicalidentity/
  17. Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Davis:
    9781984822611 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    Shaping the Future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Davis: 9781984822611 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books
  18. Love A. CONFIRMED! Graphene Oxide Main Ingredient In Covid Shots. Ariyana Love. Published
    August 9, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://ambassadorlove.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/confirmed-graphene-oxide-main-ingredient-incovid-shots/
  19. Graphene Oxide The Vector For Covid-19 Democide | The Liberty Beacon. Published July 30,
  20. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.thelibertybeacon.com/graphene-oxide-the-vectorfor-covid-19-democide/
  21. ORWELL CITY: Official interim report of Pfizer’s vaccination vial analysis explained by La Quinta
    Columna. ORWELL CITY. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.orwell.city/2021/06/vaccinationvial-analysis-explained.html
  22. Yi J, Choe G, Park J, Lee JY. Graphene oxide-incorporated hydrogels for biomedical applications.
    Polym J. 2020;52(8):823-837. doi:10.1038/s41428-020-0350-9
  23. Kim YH, Jo MS, Kim JK, et al. Short-term inhalation study of graphene oxide nanoplates.
    Nanotoxicology. 2018;12(3):224-238. doi:10.1080/17435390.2018.1431318
  24. News · CBC. Potentially toxic masks distributed in schools and daycares in Quebec | CBC News.
    CBC. Published March 26, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/masks-early-pulmonary-toxicity-quebec-schools-daycares1.5966387
  25. HAF. BOMBSHELL: Disposable Blue Face Masks Found to Contain Toxic, Asbestos-Like Substance
    that Destroys Lungs. https://humansarefree.com/. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    BOMBSHELL: Disposable Blue Face Masks Found to Contain Toxic, Asbestos-Like Substance that Destroys Lungs
  26. Reuters. Japan suspends 1.6M doses of Moderna shot after contamination reports. NBC News.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. Japan suspends 1.6M doses of Moderna shot after contamination reports
  27. Contaminant in Moderna COVID-19 vaccine vials found in Japan was metallic particles: report.
    FiercePharma. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/contaminantmoderna-covid-19-vaccine-vials-found-japan-was-metallic-particles-report
  28. Administrator A. Japan Suspects Contaminant In Moderna Vaccines Is Metallic, ‘Reacts To
    Magnets.’ The Burning Platform. Published August 27, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.theburningplatform.com/2021/08/27/japan-suspects-contaminant-in-moderna-vaccinesis-metallic-reacts-to-magnets/
  29. Franceschi Biagioni A, Cellot G, Pati E, et al. Graphene oxide prevents lateral amygdala
    dysfunctional synaptic plasticity and reverts long lasting anxiety behavior in rats. Biomaterials.
    2021;271:120749. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120749
  30. Soothing the symptoms of anxiety with graphene oxide. Graphene Flagship. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://graphene-flagship.eu/graphene/news/soothing-the-symptoms-of-anxietywith-graphene-oxide/
  31. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Disrupt the Blood-Brain Barrier, Potentially Raising Risk of
    Neurological Damage in COVID-19 Patients. Temple Health. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.templehealth.org/about/news/sars-cov-2-spike-proteins-disrupt-the-blood-brain-barrierpotentially-raising-risk-of-neurological-damage-in-covid-19-patients
  32. NEUROMODULATORY EFFECTS OF SARS-COV-2 ON THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. CROI
    Conference. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.croiconference.org/abstract/neuromodulatory-effects-of-sars-cov-2-on-the-blood-brainbarrier/
  33. Ohta S, Kikuchi E, Ishijima A, Azuma T, Sakuma I, Ito T. Investigating the optimum size of
    nanoparticles for their delivery into the brain assisted by focused ultrasound-induced blood–brain
    barrier opening. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18220. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-75253-9
  34. Vu MN, Rajasekhar P, Poole DP, et al. Rapid Assessment of Nanoparticle Extravasation in a
    Microfluidic Tumor Model. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2019;2(4):1844-1856. doi:10.1021/acsanm.8b02056
  35. Saraiva C, Praça C, Ferreira R, Santos T, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Nanoparticle-mediated brain
    drug delivery: Overcoming blood–brain barrier to treat neurodegenerative diseases. J Controlled
    Release. 2016;235:34-47. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.044
  1. Pappas S. Rare magnetism found in the world’s strongest material. livescience.com. Published
    October 14, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.livescience.com/graphene-hides-raremagnetism.html
  2. Augustyniak-Jabłokow MA, Tadyszak K, Strzelczyk R, Fedaruk R, Carmieli R. Slow spin relaxation
    of paramagnetic centers in graphene oxide. Carbon. 2019;152:98-105.
    doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.06.024
  3. Sang M, Shin J, Kim K, Yu KJ. Electronic and Thermal Properties of Graphene and Recent
    Advances in Graphene Based Electronics Applications. Nanomaterials. 2019;9(3):374.
    doi:10.3390/nano9030374
  4. INBRAIN Neuroelectronics Secures $17 Million in Series A Funding for First AI-Powered
    Graphene-Brain Interface. Published March 30, 2021. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    INBRAIN Neuroelectronics Secures $17 Million in Series A Funding for First AI-Powered Graphene-Brain Interface | Business Wire
  5. DARPA and the Brain Initiative. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.darpa.mil/program/our-research/darpa-and-the-brain-initiative
  6. Six Paths to the Nonsurgical Future of Brain-Machine Interfaces. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2019-05-20
  7. Neuralink and the Brain’s Magical Future. Wait But Why. Published April 20, 2017. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Neuralink and the Brain's Magical Future — Wait But Why
  8. Martins NRB, Angelica A, Chakravarthy K, et al. Human Brain/Cloud Interface. Front Neurosci.
    2019;13:112. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00112
  9. Lee S, Shin Y, Woo S, Lee KK and H-N. Review of Wireless Brain-Computer Interface Systems.
    IntechOpen; 2013. doi:10.5772/56436
  10. Researchers demonstrate first human use of high-bandwidth wireless brain-computer interface.
    Brown University. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://www.brown.edu/news/2021-03-31/braingatewireless
  11. AI and VR Transform Thoughts to Action with Wireless BCI | Psychology Today. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-future-brain/202107/ai-and-vrtransform-thoughts-action-wireless-bci
  12. Haselager P. Did I Do That? Brain–Computer Interfacing and the Sense of Agency. Minds Mach.
    2013;23(3):405-418. doi:10.1007/s11023-012-9298-7
  13. Mind reading and brain computer interface technology: the future is coming, fast. Privacy SOS.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. Mind reading and brain computer interface technology: the future is coming, fast | Privacy SOS
  14. With Magnetic Nanoparticles, Scientists Remotely Control Neurons and Animal Behavior.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. With Magnetic Nanoparticles, Scientists Remotely Control Neurons and Animal Behavior - University at Buffalo
  15. Brain-machine interfaces may be used to study and regulate mood - Science in the News.
    Accessed September 28, 2021. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2019/brain-machine-interfaces-mayused-study-regulate-mood/?web=1&wdLOR=c97F3B6A1-B18A-433D-96C4-477F88B46A83
  16. Shanechi MM. Brain–machine interfaces from motor to mood. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22(10):1554-
  17. doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0488-y
  18. Opinion / The Last Humans and the Next Brands - Critical Mass - Adforum.com. Accessed
    September 28, 2021. Opinion / The Last Humans and the Next Brands - Critical Mass - Adforum.com
  19. Bonaci T, Herron J, Matlack C, Chizeck HJ. Securing the exocortex: A twenty-first century
    cybernetics challenge. In: 2014 IEEE Conference on Norbert Wiener in the 21st Century (21CW). ; 2014:1-
  20. doi:10.1109/NORBERT.2014.6893912
  21. Can dark triad leaders be a good choice for a leadership position? - Egon Zehnder. Can dark triad
    leaders be a good choice for a leadership position? - Egon Zehnder. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    https://www.egonzehnder.com/insight/can-dark-triad-leaders-be-a-good-choice-for-a-leadershipposition
  22. Silver J. The Startling Accuracy of Referring to Politicians as “Psychopaths.” The Atlantic.
    Published July 31, 2012. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The Startling Accuracy of Referring to Politicians as 'Psychopaths' - The Atlantic
  23. Schlesinger T. The Rise of the Psychopath and Sociopath to Political Power. World Issues —
    Politics, Economics, and More. Published December 1, 2020. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The Rise of the Psychopath and Sociopath to Political Power | by Tessa Schlesinger | World Issues — Politics, Economics, and More | Medium
  24. Commentary: 12% of corporate leaders are psychopaths. It’s time to take this problem seriously.
    Fortune. Accessed September 28, 2021. https://fortune.com/2021/06/06/corporate-psychopathsbusiness-leadership-csr/
  25. 21 percent of CEOs are psychopaths. Only 21 percent? Washington Post.
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-small-business/wp/2016/09/16/gene-marks-21-percent-ofceos-are-psychopaths-only-21-percent/. Accessed September 28, 2021.
  26. McCullough J. The Psychopathic CEO. Forbes. Accessed September 28, 2021.
    The Psychopathic CEO
  27. The brain-computer interface: new rights or new threats to fundamental freedoms? Accessed
    September 28, 2021. https://pace.coe.int/en/files/28722

That is it, all the LINKS from the letter, now saved on Giza!

2 Likes

International crimes

1 Like

Awesome post. Thank you.

1 Like

With thanks to PJTrap.
To build in redundancy by category, here are the links with annotations, grouped by researched topic.